User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hydrocodone

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Not to be confused with Dihydrocodeine.

Mr. Ibrahem/Hydrocodone
Clinical data
Trade namesHysingla ER, Zohydro ER, others
Other namesDihydrocodeinone, hydrocodone bitartrate
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa601006
License data
Dependence
liability		High[1]
Routes of
administration		Clinical: by mouth[2]
Others: intranasal, rectal
Drug classOpioid[3]
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityBy mouth: 70%[4]
Protein bindingLow[4][5]
MetabolismLiver: CYP3A4 (major), CYP2D6 (minor)[6]
Metabolites• Norhydrocodone[6]
• Hydromorphone[6]
• Others[6]
Onset of action10–20 minutes[2]
Elimination half-lifeAverage: 3.8 hours[7]
Range: 3.3–4.4 hours[2]
Duration of action4–8 hours[2]
ExcretionUrine[8][9]
Identifiers
  • 4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC18H21NO3
Molar mass299.370 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C4[C@@H]5Oc1c2c(ccc1OC)C[C@H]3N(CC[C@]25[C@H]3CC4)C
  • InChI=1S/C18H21NO3/c1-19-8-7-18-11-4-5-13(20)17(18)22-16-14(21-2)6-3-10(15(16)18)9-12(11)19/h3,6,11-12,17H,4-5,7-9H2,1-2H3/t11-,12+,17-,18-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:LLPOLZWFYMWNKH-CMKMFDCUSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Hydrocodone, sold under the brand name Hysingla among others, is an opioid used to treat severe pain of a prolonged duration, if other measures are not sufficient.[3][11] It is also used as a cough suppressant in adults.[3] It is taken by mouth.[3] Typically it is sold as the combinations acetaminophen/hydrocodone or ibuprofen/hydrocodone.[3][12] By itself it is sold in a long-acting formulation.[3]

Common side effects include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, and constipation.[3] Serious side effects may include abuse, low blood pressure, seizures, QT prolongation, respiratory depression, and serotonin syndrome.[3] Rapidly decreasing the dose may result in opioid withdrawal.[3] Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is generally not recommended.[13] Hydrocodone is believed to work by activating opioid receptors, mainly in the brain and spinal cord.[3] Hydrocodone 10 mg is equivalent to about 10 mg of morphine by mouth.[14]

Hydrocodone was patented in 1923, while the long-acting formulation was approved for medical use in the United States in 2013.[3][15] In the United States the wholesale cost of the long-acting formulation is about 10 to 30 USD per dose as of 2019.[16] It is most commonly prescribed in the United States, which consumed 99% of the worldwide supply as of 2010.[17] In 2017, it was the 118th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than six million prescriptions.[18][19] It is made from the opium poppy after it has been converted to codeine.[20]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Bonewit-West, Kathy; Hunt, Sue A.; Applegate, Edith (2012). Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571. ISBN 9781455701506.
  2. ^ a b c d Jennifer A. Elliott; Howard S. Smith (19 April 2016). Handbook of Acute Pain Management. CRC Press. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-1-4665-9635-1.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Hydrocodone Bitartrate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  4. ^ a b Gary S. Firestein; Ralph Budd; Sherine E. Gabriel; Iain B. McInnes; James R. O'Dell (21 June 2016). Kelley and Firestein's Textbook of Rheumatology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1081–. ISBN 978-0-323-41494-4.
  5. ^ Bruce A. Chabner; Dan L. Longo (8 November 2010). Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 700–. ISBN 978-1-60547-431-1.
  6. ^ a b c d Shufeng Zhou (6 April 2016). Cytochrome P450 2D6: Structure, Function, Regulation and Polymorphism. CRC Press. pp. 164–. ISBN 978-1-4665-9788-4.
  7. ^ Mellar P. Davis; Paul Glare; Janet Hardy (2005). Opioids in Cancer Pain. Oxford University Press. pp. 59–68. ISBN 978-0-19-852943-9.
  8. ^ Martin H. Bluth (16 November 2016). Toxicology and Drug Testing, An Issue of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-0-323-47795-6.
  9. ^ Howard S. Smith (21 February 2013). Opioid Therapy in the 21st Century. OUP USA. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-19-984497-5.
  10. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  11. ^ "Hydrocodone: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  12. ^ Briggs, Gerald G.; Freeman, Roger K.; Yaffe, Sumner J. (2011). Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 692. ISBN 9781608317080.
  13. ^ "Hydrocodone Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  14. ^ "Opioid Dose Calculator". Agency Medical Directors' Group. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  15. ^ Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 526. ISBN 9783527607495.
  16. ^ "NADAC as of 2019-02-27". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  17. ^ "Making Some Painkillers Harder to Get". The New York Times. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  18. ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  19. ^ "Hydrocodone Bitartrate - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  20. ^ Stoker, H. Stephen (2012). General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry. Cengage Learning. p. 567. ISBN 9781133711285.
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