User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Other namesAsymmetric septal hypertrophy; idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis;[1] hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
SpecialtyCardiology
SymptomsFrequently none, feeling tired, leg swelling, shortness of breath, chest pain, fainting[2][3]
ComplicationsHeart failure, irregular heartbeat, sudden cardiac death[4][5]
CausesGenetics, Fabry disease, Friedreich's ataxia, certain medications[6][7]
Diagnostic methodElectrocardiogram, echocardiogram, stress testing, genetic testing[8]
Differential diagnosisHypertensive heart disease, aortic stenosis, athlete's heart[6]
TreatmentMedications, implantable cardiac defibrillator, surgery (transaortic septal myectomy)[8][9]
MedicationBeta blockers, verapamil, disopyramide[9]
PrognosisLess than 1% per year risk of death (with treatment)[10]
FrequencyUp to 1 in 200 people[9]

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a heart disease in which a portion of the heart becomes thickened without an obvious cause.[9] Symptoms vary from none to tiredness, leg swelling, and shortness of breath.[3] It may also result in chest pain or fainting.[3] Complications include heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, and sudden cardiac death.[4][5]

It is most commonly inherited from a person's parents.[7] It is often due to mutations in certain genes involved with making heart muscle proteins.[7] Other causes may include Fabry disease, Friedreich's ataxia, and certain medications such as tacrolimus.[6] It is a type of cardiomyopathy, a group of diseases that primarily affects the heart muscle.[4] The stiffened heart muscle results in the heart being less able to pump blood and the thickened interventricular septum can result in blocking the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta and a weakened mitral valve.[2][9]

Diagnosis is by electrocardiogram and echocardiogram.[8] Other tests may include stress testing and genetic testing.[8] Screening relatives may be offered.[8][11] Treatment generally begins with beta blockers, verapamil, and disopyramide.[9] Diuretics are used with caution as they can reduce left ventricular volume and outflow.[12] An implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended in those with certain types of irregular heartbeat.[8] Surgery, in the form of a septal myectomy or heart transplant, may be done in those who do not improve with other measures.[2][13] With treatment, the risk of death from the disease is less than one percent per year.[10]

HCM affects up to one in 200 people.[9][13] Rates in men and women are about equal.[14] People of all ages may be affected.[14] The first modern description of the disease was by Donald Teare in 1958.[15][16]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Other Names for Cardiomyopathy". NHLBI. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  2. ^ a b c AHA (13 May 2022). "Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)". www.heart.org. American Heart Association. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. 24 March 2022. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  4. ^ a b c "What Is Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  5. ^ a b Barsheshet A, Brenyo A, Moss AJ, Goldenberg I (October 2011). "Genetics of sudden cardiac death". Current Cardiology Reports. 13 (5): 364–76. doi:10.1007/s11886-011-0209-y. PMID 21789574. S2CID 25887172.
  6. ^ a b c Ferri, Fred F. (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 246. ISBN 9780323529570. Archived from the original on 2017-11-10. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
  7. ^ a b c "What Causes Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Ommen, Steve R.; Mital, Seema; Burke, Michael A.; Day, Sharlene M.; Deswal, Anita; Elliott, Perry; Evanovich, Lauren L.; Hung, Judy; Joglar, José A.; Kantor, Paul; Kimmelstiel, Carey; Kittleson, Michelle; Link, Mark S.; Maron, Martin S.; Martinez, Matthew W.; Miyake, Christina Y.; Schaff, Hartzell V.; Semsarian, Christopher; Sorajja, Paul (22 December 2020). "2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Executive Summary". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 76 (25): 3022–3055. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.044. PMID 33229115. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Cui, Hao; Schaff, Hartzell V. (2020). "80. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". In Raja, Shahzad G. (ed.). Cardiac Surgery: A Complete Guide. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 735–748. ISBN 978-3-030-24176-6. Archived from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
  10. ^ a b Maron BJ, Ommen SR, Semsarian C, Spirito P, Olivotto I, Maron MS (July 2014). "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: present and future, with translation into contemporary cardiovascular medicine". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 64 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.003. PMID 24998133.
  11. ^ Phelan, Dermot M.; Symanski, John (2021). "7. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". In EngelEngel, David J.; Phelan, Dermot M. (eds.). Sports Cardiology: Care of the Athletic Heart from the Clinic to the Sidelines. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 97–110. ISBN 978-3-030-69383-1. Archived from the original on 2022-10-14. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  12. ^ Shah, Sandy N. (29 April 2022). "Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Left Ventricular Myomectomy and Mitral Valve Replacement, Pacemaker Implantation". emedicine. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  13. ^ a b Ralph-Edwards, Anthony; Vanderlaan, Rachel D.; Bajona, Pietro (July 2017). "Transaortic septal myectomy: techniques and pitfalls". Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 6 (4): 410–415. doi:10.21037/acs.2017.07.08. ISSN 2225-319X. PMID 28944183. Archived from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2022-10-13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ a b "Types of Cardiomyopathy". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  15. ^ Teare D (January 1958). "Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults". British Heart Journal. 20 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1136/hrt.20.1.1. PMC 492780. PMID 13499764.
  16. ^ McKenna WJ, Sen-Chowdhry S (December 2008). "From Teare to the present day: a fifty year odyssey in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a paradigm for the logic of the discovery process". Revista Espanola de Cardiologia. 61 (12): 1239–44. doi:10.1016/S1885-5857(09)60050-5. PMID 19080961. Archived from the original on 2017-11-11. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
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