User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hypoparathyroidism
| Hypoparathyroidism | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Parathyroid hormone deficiency[1] |
 | |
| Location of the four parathyroid glands | |
| Specialty | Endocrinology |
| Symptoms | Muscle cramps, muscle twitching, tingling of the hands and feet, depression, rough skin, loss of hair[2] |
| Complications | Osteoporosis, kidney stones[3][1] |
| Causes | Complication of thyroid removal, DiGeorge syndrome, immune system-related damage, hemochromatosis, radiation therapy, low magnesium[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Low blood calcium and PTH[3] |
| Differential diagnosis | Pseudohypoparathyroidism[1] |
| Treatment | Calcium and vitamin D supplementation[3] |
| Medication | Recombinant parathyroid hormone (rhPTH)[3] |
| Frequency | Rare[2] |
Hypoparathyroidism is when the parathyroid glands underproduction parathyroid hormone (PTH).[2] This results in low blood calcium and high blood phosphorus, with symptoms of muscle cramps and muscle twitching.[2] Other symptoms may include tingling of the hands and feet and depression.[2] There may be poorly developed teeth, rough scaly skin, brittle nails and little hair growth.[4] Complications may include osteoporosis and kidney stones.[3][1]
The most common cause is as a complication of thyroid removal or other surgery to the neck.[1][2] Other causes may include the genetic disorder DiGeorge syndrome, immune system-related damage, hemochromatosis, radiation therapy, and low magnesium.[1] Diagnosis is based on blood tests for PTH and calcium.[3]
The primary treatment is calcium and vitamin D supplementation.[3] Initially large amounts of calcium gluconate may be given by injection.[3][1] If this is not sufficient recombinant parathyroid hormone (rhPTH) may be used.[3] A diet high in calcium and low in phosphorus is also recommended.[2] Outcomes are generally good with treatment.[1]
Hypoparathyroidism is rare.[2] In the United States about 3 per 10,000 people are affected.[1] Males and females are affected equally frequently.[5] The association between thyroid removal and muscle spasms was described in 1884.[6]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hans, SK; Levine, SN (January 2022). "Hypoparathyroidism". PMID 28722928.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h "Hypoparathyroidism". nhs.uk. 27 February 2018. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Hypoparathyroidism - Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ^ James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020). "24. Endocrine diseases". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
- ^ "Hypoparathyroidism". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
- ^ Feldman, Edward C.; Nelson, Richard William (1 January 2004). Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 716. ISBN 978-0-7216-9315-6. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.