User:Mr. Ibrahem/Kidney failure
| Kidney failure | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Renal failure, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), stage 5 chronic kidney disease[1] |
 | |
| A hemodialysis machine which is used to replace the function of the kidneys | |
| Specialty | Nephrology |
| Symptoms | Leg swelling, feeling tired, loss of appetite, confusion[2] |
| Complications | Acute: Uremia, high blood potassium, volume overload[3] Chronic: Heart disease, high blood pressure, anemia[4][5] |
| Types | Acute kidney failure, chronic kidney failure[6] |
| Causes | Acute: Low blood pressure, blockage of the urinary tract, certain medications, muscle breakdown, and hemolytic uremic syndrome.[6] Chronic: Diabetes, high blood pressure, nephrotic syndrome, polycystic kidney disease[6] |
| Diagnostic method | Acute: Decreased urine production, increased serum creatinine[3] Chronic:Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 15[1] |
| Treatment | Acute: Depends on the cause[7] Chronic: Hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, kidney transplant[2] |
| Frequency | Acute: 3 per 1,000 per year[8] Chronic: 1 per 1,000 (US)[1] |
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage kidney disease, is a medical condition in which the kidneys are functioning at less than 15% of normal.[2] Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and chronic kidney failure, which develops slowly and is often be irreversible.[6] Symptoms may include leg swelling, feeling tired, vomiting, loss of appetite, and confusion.[2] Complications of acute and chronic failure include uremia, high blood potassium, and volume overload.[3] Complications of chronic failure also include heart disease, high blood pressure, and anemia.[4][5]
Causes of acute kidney failure include low blood pressure, blockage of the urinary tract, certain medications, muscle breakdown, and hemolytic uremic syndrome.[6] Causes of chronic kidney failure include diabetes, high blood pressure, nephrotic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease.[6] Diagnosis of acute failure is often based on a combination of factors such as decrease urine production or increased serum creatinine.[3] Diagnosis of chronic failure is based on a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 or the need for renal replacement therapy.[1] It is also equivalent to stage 5 chronic kidney disease.[1]
Treatment of acute failure depends on the underlying cause.[7] Treatment of chronic failure may include hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or a kidney transplant.[2] Hemodialysis uses a machine to filter the blood outside the body.[2] In peritoneal dialysis specific fluid is placed into the abdominal cavity and then drained, with this process being repeated multiple times per day.[2] Kidney transplantation involves surgically placing a kidney from someone else and then taking immunosuppressant medication to prevent rejection.[2] Other recommended measures from chronic disease include staying active and specific dietary changes.[2]
In the United States acute failure affects about 3 per 1,000 people a year.[8] Chronic failure affects about 1 in 1,000 people with 3 per 10,000 people newly developing the condition each year.[1][9] Acute failure is often reversible while chronic failure often is not.[6] With appropriate treatment many with chronic disease can continue working.[2]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Cheung, Alfred K. (2005). Primer on Kidney Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 457. ISBN 1416023127. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Kidney Failure". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d Blakeley, Sara (2010). Renal Failure and Replacement Therapies. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19. ISBN 9781846289378. Archived from the original on 2020-02-22. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
- ^ a b Liao, Min-Tser; Sung, Chih-Chien; Hung, Kuo-Chin; Wu, Chia-Chao; Lo, Lan; Lu, Kuo-Cheng (2012). "Insulin Resistance in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2012: 1–5. doi:10.1155/2012/691369. PMC 3420350. PMID 22919275.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b "Kidney Failure". MedlinePlus. Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g "What is renal failure?". Johns Hopkins Medicine. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
- ^ a b Clatworthy, Menna (2010). Nephrology: Clinical Cases Uncovered. John Wiley & Sons. p. 28. ISBN 9781405189903. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
- ^ a b Ferri, Fred F. (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 37. ISBN 9780323529570. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
- ^ Ferri, Fred F. (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 294. ISBN 9780323529570. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-19.