User:Mr. Ibrahem/Leukemia

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Mr. Ibrahem/Leukemia
Other namesLeukaemia
A Wright's stained bone marrow aspirate smear from a person with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Pronunciation
SpecialtyHematology and oncology
SymptomsBleeding, bruising, feeling tired, fever, increased risk of infections[2]
Usual onsetAll ages,[3] most common in 60s and 70s[4]
CausesInherited and environmental factors[5]
Risk factorsSmoking, family history, ionizing radiation, some chemicals, prior chemotherapy, Down syndrome.[3][5]
Diagnostic methodBlood tests, bone marrow biopsy[2]
TreatmentChemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, bone marrow transplant, supportive care[3]
PrognosisFive-year survival rate 57% (USA)[4]
Frequency2.3 million (2015)[6]
Deaths353,500 (2015)[7]

Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal blood cells.[8] These blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells.[2] Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising, feeling tired, fever, and an increased risk of infections.[2] These symptoms occur due to a lack of normal blood cells.[2] Diagnosis is typically made by blood tests or bone marrow biopsy.[2]

The exact cause of leukemia is unknown.[5] A combination of genetic factors and environmental (non-inherited) factors are believed to play a role.[5] Risk factors include smoking, ionizing radiation, some chemicals (such as benzene), prior chemotherapy, and Down syndrome.[5][3] People with a family history of leukemia are also at higher risk.[3] There are four main types of leukemia—acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)—as well as a number of less common types.[3][9] Leukemias and lymphomas both belong to a broader group of tumors that affect the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid system, known as tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.[10][11]

Treatment may involve some combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow transplant, in addition to supportive care and palliative care as needed.[3] Certain types of leukemia may be managed with watchful waiting.[3] The success of treatment depends on the type of leukemia and the age of the person. Outcomes have improved in the developed world.[9] Five-year survival rate is 57% in the United States.[4] In children under 15, the five-year survival rate is greater than 60% to 90%, depending on the type of leukemia.[12] In children with acute leukemia who are cancer-free after five years, the cancer is unlikely to return.[12]

In 2015, leukemia was present in 2.3 million people worldwide and caused 353,500 deaths.[6][7] In 2012 it newly developed in 352,000 people.[9] It is the most common type of cancer in children, with three-quarters of leukemia cases in children being the acute lymphoblastic type.[3] However, over 90% of all leukemias are diagnosed in adults, with CLL and AML being most common in adults.[3][13] It occurs more commonly in the developed world.[9]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Leukemia". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "What You Need To Know About™ Leukemia". National Cancer Institute. 23 December 2013. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "A Snapshot of Leukemia". NCI. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  4. ^ a b c "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Leukemia". National Cancer Institute. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e Hutter, JJ (Jun 2010). "Childhood leukemia". Pediatrics in Review. 31 (6): 234–41. doi:10.1542/pir.31-6-234. PMID 20516235.
  6. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "Leukemia". NCI. 1 January 1980. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014. Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells
  9. ^ a b c d World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.13. ISBN 978-9283204299.
  10. ^ Vardiman, JW; Thiele, J; Arber, DA; Brunning, RD; Borowitz, MJ; Porwit, A; Harris, NL; Le Beau, MM; Hellström-Lindberg, E; Tefferi, A; Bloomfield, CD (30 July 2009). "The 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: rationale and important changes". Blood. 114 (5): 937–51. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-03-209262. PMID 19357394. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  11. ^ Cătoi, Alecsandru Ioan Baba, Cornel (2007). Comparative oncology. Bucharest: The Publishing House of the Romanian Academy. p. Chapter 17. ISBN 978-973-27-1457-7. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a b American Cancer Society (2 March 2014). "Survival rates for childhood leukemia". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  13. ^ "Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - Hematology and Oncology". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 2020-02-01.
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