User:Mr. Ibrahem/Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Template:Good article is only for Wikipedia:Good articles.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Other namesNAFLD, metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)[1]
Stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, progressing from healthy, to steatosis (fat accumulation), fibrosis, and cirrhosis.
SpecialtyHepatology
SymptomsNone, right upper abdominal pain, tiredness[2]
ComplicationsCirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, cardiovascular disease[2]
DurationLong-term[3]
TypesNon-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL)[2]
non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)[2]
CausesGenetic and environmental[4]
Risk factorsObesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome[5][6]
Diagnostic methodMedical imaging or liver biopsy after ruling out other potential causes[6][7]
Differential diagnosisAlcoholic liver disease, hepatitis C, Reye syndrome[7]
TreatmentWeight loss (diet and exercise)[2]
Frequency25% of global population[8]
DeathsNAFLD: 1.2% risk per year[9]
NASH: 2.6% risk per year[9]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is excessive fat build-up in the liver without another clear cause such as alcohol use.[7][2] There are two types; non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with the latter also including liver inflammation.[2] NAFL is less dangerous than NASH and usually does not progress to NASH or liver cirrhosis.[2] When NASH does occur, it may lead to complications such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, or liver failure.[2] Both types are associated with cardiovascular disease.[10]

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are the strongest risk factors.[5] Other risks include being overweight, abnormal blood lipids, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abdominal obesity; a group of symptoms known as metabolic syndrome.[5][6] Diagnosis may be based on medical imaging or obtaining a sample of the liver after excluding other potential causes of fatty liver.[6][7]

Treatment of NAFLD is by gradual weight loss brought about by dietary changes and exercise.[2] While there is no strong evidence for any medication, there is tentative support for pioglitazone and vitamin E.[2] Bariatric surgery can improve or resolve severe cases.[11][12] As of 2017 NASH was the second most common reason for liver transplantation in the United States.[11] Those with NAFLD have a 1.2% risk of dying per year, while in those with NASH the risk is 2.6%.[9] It is also the leading cause of chronic liver disease in Europe and the US.[13]

NAFLD is the most common liver disorder worldwide, affecting approximately 25% of the population.[8] Rates are about 32% in the Middle East, 30% in South America, 27% in Asia, 24% in North America and Europe, and 13% in Africa.[8] Rates are greater than 90% in those who are very obese, more than 60% in those with type 2 diabetes, and up to 20% in those who are normal-weight.[14] Rates in children are as high as 10%.[4] NASH affects about 4% of the global population.[14] NAFLD becomes more common with age.[14] NAFLD was first described in 1980.[6] The economic cost per year was estimated at US$103 billion in the US in 2016.[13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Eslam, M; Sanyal, AJ; George, J; an international consensus panel. (7 February 2020). "MAFLD: A consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease". Gastroenterology. 158 (7): 1999–2014.e1. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.312. PMID 32044314.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease & NASH". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 7 November 2018. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  3. ^ Lim, S; Taskinen, MR; Borén, J (April 2019). "Crosstalk between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiometabolic syndrome". Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 20 (4): 599–611. doi:10.1111/obr.12820. PMID 30589487.
  4. ^ a b Kudaravalli, P; John, S (January 2021). "Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver". PMID 31082077. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ a b c Wong VW, Chan WK, Chitturi S, Chawla Y, Dan YY, Duseja A, et al. (January 2018). "Asia-Pacific Working Party on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease guidelines 2017-Part 1: Definition, risk factors and assessment". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Professional society guidelines). 33 (1): 70–85. doi:10.1111/jgh.13857. PMID 28670712.
  6. ^ a b c d e Iser D, Ryan M (July 2013). "Fatty liver disease--a practical guide for GPs". Australian Family Physician. 42 (7): 444–7. PMID 23826593.
  7. ^ a b c d "DB92 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease". WHO. WHO. 18 June 2018. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  8. ^ a b c Marjot, T; Moolla, A; Cobbold, JF; Hodson, L; Tomlinson, JW (January 2020). "Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adults: Current Concepts in Etiology, Outcomes, and Management". Endocrine Reviews. 41 (1): bnz009. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnz009. PMID 31629366.
  9. ^ a b c Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Charlton M, Cusi K, Rinella M, et al. (January 2018). "The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases" (PDF). Hepatology (Professional society guidelines). 67 (1): 328–357. doi:10.1002/hep.29367. hdl:1805/14037. PMID 28714183. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
  10. ^ Rinella ME, Sanyal AJ (April 2016). "Management of NAFLD: a stage-based approach". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 13 (4): 196–205. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.3. PMID 26907882.
  11. ^ a b Chitturi S, Wong VW, Chan WK, Wong GL, Wong SK, Sollano J, et al. (January 2018). "The Asia-Pacific Working Party on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease guidelines 2017-Part 2: Management and special groups". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Professional society guidelines). 33 (1): 86–98. doi:10.1111/jgh.13856. PMID 28692197.
  12. ^ European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) (June 2016). "EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease". Journal of Hepatology (Professional society guidelines). 64 (6): 1388–402. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.004. PMID 27062661. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
  13. ^ a b Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M, Hardy T, Henry L, Eslam M, et al. (January 2018). "Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 15 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.109. hdl:2318/1659230. PMID 28930295.
  14. ^ a b c Younossi ZM (March 2019). "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - A global public health perspective". Journal of Hepatology. 70 (3): 531–544. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.10.033. PMID 30414863.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mr._Ibrahem/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease&oldid=1147829303"