User:Mr. Ibrahem/Norepinephrine
Clinical data | |
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Trade names | Levarterenol, Levophed, Norepin, other |
Other names | Noradrenaline (R)-(–)-Norepinephrine l-1-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
License data |
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Pregnancy category |
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Routes of administration | Intravenous |
Drug class | Adrenergic agonist (alpha and beta)[1] |
Physiological data | |
Target tissues | System-wide |
Receptors | α1, α2, β1, β3 |
Agonists | Sympathomimetic drugs, clonidine, isoprenaline |
Antagonists | Tricyclic antidepressants, Beta blockers, antipsychotics |
Metabolism | MAO-A; COMT |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Metabolism | MAO-A; COMT |
Excretion | Urine (84–96%) |
Identifiers | |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C8H11NO3 |
Molar mass | 169.180 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
Density | 1.397±0.06 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 217 °C (423 °F) (decomposes) |
Boiling point | 442.6 °C (828.7 °F) ±40.0°C |
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Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a medication used to treat people with very low blood pressure.[1] It is the typical medication used in sepsis if low blood pressure does not improve following intravenous fluids.[5] It is the same molecule as the hormone and neurotransmitter norepinephrine.[1] It is given by slow injection into a vein.[1]
Common side effects include headache, slow heart rate, and anxiety.[1] Other side effects include an irregular heartbeat.[1] If it leaks out of the vein at the site it is being given, norepinephrine can result in limb ischemia.[1] If leakage occurs the use of phentolamine in the area affected may improve outcomes.[1] Norepinephrine works by binding and activating alpha adrenergic receptors.[1]
Norepinephrine was discovered in 1946 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1950.[1][6] It is available as a generic medication.[1] The wholesale cost in the developing world as of 2015 is about 0.42 USD per vial of four milligrams.[7] In the United Kingdom this amount costs the NHS about 4.40 pounds.[8]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Norepinephrine Bitartrate". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ "Norepinephrine - WikEM". wikem.org. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ "UpToDate". www.uptodate.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
- ^ Latifi, Rifat (2016). Surgical Decision Making: Beyond the Evidence Based Surgery. Springer. p. 67. ISBN 9783319298245. Archived from the original on 2017-03-27.
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences. Academic Press. 2014. p. 224. ISBN 9780123851581. Archived from the original on 2017-03-27.
- ^ "Norepinephrine". mshpriceguide.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ^ British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. p. 145. ISBN 9780857111562.