User:Mr. Ibrahem/Saline (medicine)

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Saline
Saline solution for intravenous infusion.
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comFDA Professional Drug Information
License data
Routes of
administration		Intravenous, topical, subcutaneous
Chemical and physical data
3D model (JSmol)
  • [Na+].[Cl-]
  • InChI=1S/ClH.Na/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
  • Key:FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Saline, also known as saline solution, is a mixture of sodium chloride in water and has a number of uses in medicine.[2] Applied to the affected area it is used to clean wounds, help remove contact lenses, and help with dry eyes.[1] By injection into a vein it is used to treat dehydration such as from gastroenteritis and diabetic ketoacidosis.[1] It is also used to dilute other medications to be given by injection.[2]

Large amounts may result in fluid overload, swelling, acidosis, and high blood sodium.[2][1] In those with long-standing low blood sodium, excessive use may result in osmotic demyelination syndrome.[1] Saline is in the crystalloid family of medications.[4] It is most commonly used as a sterile 9 g of salt per litre (0.9%) solution, known as normal saline.[2] Higher and lower concentrations may also occasionally be used.[5][6] Saline has a pH of 5.5 (mainly due to dissolved carbon dioxide) making it acidic.[7]

The medical use of saline began around 1831.[8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[9] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.60–4.20 per liter of normal saline.[10] In 2017, sodium salts were the 225th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than two million prescriptions.[11][12]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 683, 770. ISBN 9780857111562.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Sodium Chloride Injection - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  3. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  4. ^ Marini, John J.; Wheeler, Arthur P. (2010). Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 54. ISBN 9780781798396. Archived from the original on 2017-09-18.
  5. ^ "Hypertonic Saline - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  6. ^ Pestana, Carlos (2000). Fluids and Electrolytes in the Surgical Patient. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 11. ISBN 9780781724258. Archived from the original on 2017-09-18.
  7. ^ Reddi, BA (2013). "Why is saline so acidic (and does it really matter?)". International Journal of Medical Sciences. 10 (6): 747–50. doi:10.7150/ijms.5868. PMC 3638298. PMID 23630439.
  8. ^ Bozzetti, Federico; Staun, Michael; Gossum, Andre van (2014). Home Parenteral Nutrition, 2nd Edition. CABI. p. 4. ISBN 9781780643113. Archived from the original on 2017-09-18.
  9. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  10. ^ "Sodium Chloride in Water". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  11. ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  12. ^ "Sodium - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
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