User:Mr. Ibrahem/Schizophrenia

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Schizophrenia
A white cloth with seemingly random, unconnected text sewn into it using multiple colors of thread
Cloth embroidered by a person diagnosed with schizophrenia
Pronunciation
SpecialtyPsychiatry
SymptomsHallucinations (usually hearing voices), delusions, confused thinking[2][3]
ComplicationsSuicide, heart disease, lifestyle diseases[4]
Usual onsetAges 16 to 30[3]
DurationChronic[3]
CausesEnvironmental and genetic factors[5]
Risk factorsFamily history, cannabis use in adolescence, problems during pregnancy, childhood adversity, birth in late winter or early spring, older father, being born or raised in a city[5][6]
Diagnostic methodBased on observed behavior, reported experiences, and reports of others familiar with the person[7]
Differential diagnosisSubstance abuse, Huntington's disease, mood disorders (bipolar disorder), autism,[8] borderline personality disorder[9]
ManagementCounseling, job training[2][5]
MedicationAntipsychotics[5]
Prognosis20 years shorter life expectancy[4][10]
Frequency~0.5%[11]
Deaths~17,000 (2015)[12]

Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis.[5] Major symptoms include hallucinations (often hearing voices), delusions (having beliefs not shared by others), and disorganized thinking.[7] Other symptoms include social withdrawal, decreased emotional expression, and lack of motivation.[5][13] Symptoms typically come on gradually, begin in young adulthood, and in many cases never resolve.[3][7] Many people with schizophrenia have other mental disorders such as an anxiety disorders including panic disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, or a substance use disorder.[7]

The causes include genetic and environmental factors.[5] Genetic factors include a variety of common and rare genetic variants.[14] Possible environmental factors include being raised in a city, cannabis use during adolescence, infections, the ages of a person's mother or father, and poor nutrition during pregnancy.[5][15] There is no objective diagnostic test; diagnosis is based on observed behavior, a history that includes the person's reported experiences, and reports of others familiar with the person.[7] To be diagnosed, symptoms and functional impairment need to be present for six months, (DSM-5), or one month, (ICD-11).[7][11]

About half of those diagnosed with schizophrenia will have a significant improvement over the long term with no further relapses, and a small proportion of these will recover completely.[7][16] The other half will have a lifelong impairment,[17] and severe cases may be repeatedly admitted to hospital.[16] Social problems such as long-term unemployment, poverty, homelessness, exploitation, and victimization are common consequences of schizophrenia.[18][19] Compared to the general population, people with schizophrenia have a higher suicide rate (about 5% overall) and more physical health problems,[20][21] leading to an average decreased life expectancy of 20 years.[10] In 2015, an estimated 17,000 deaths were caused by schizophrenia.[12]

The mainstay of treatment is an antipsychotic medication, along with counselling, job training, and social rehabilitation.[5] Up to a third of people do not respond to initial antipsychotics, in which case the antipsychotic clozapine may be used.[22] In situations where there is a risk of harm to self or others, a short involuntary hospitalization may be necessary.[23] Long-term hospitalization may be needed for a small number of people with severe schizophrenia.[24] In countries where supportive services are limited or unavailable, long-term hospital stays are more typical.[25] About 0.3% to 0.7% of people are affected by schizophrenia during their lifetime.[26] In 2017, there were an estimated 1.1 million new cases and in 2019 a total of 20 million cases globally.[27][2] Males are more often affected and on average have an earlier onset.[2]

Video summary (script)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jones D (2003) [1917]. Roach P, Hartmann J, Setter J (eds.). English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8.
  2. ^ a b c d "Schizophrenia Fact sheet". www.who.int. 4 October 2019. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d "Schizophrenia". National Institute of Mental Health. January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  4. ^ a b "Medicinal treatment of psychosis/schizophrenia". www.sbu.se. Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU). 21 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Owen MJ, Sawa A, Mortensen PB (July 2016). "Schizophrenia". Lancet. 388 (10039): 86–97. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01121-6. PMC 4940219. PMID 26777917.
  6. ^ Gruebner O, Rapp MA, Adli M, et al. (February 2017). "Cities and mental health". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 114 (8): 121–127. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121. PMC 5374256. PMID 28302261.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 99–105. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
  8. ^ Ferri FF (2010). Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. p. Chapter S. ISBN 978-0-323-07699-9.
  9. ^ Paris J (December 2018). "Differential Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder". The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 41 (4): 575–582. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.001. PMID 30447725.
  10. ^ a b Laursen TM, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB (2014). "Excess early mortality in schizophrenia". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 10: 425–48. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153657. PMID 24313570.
  11. ^ a b Ferri, Fred F. (2019). Ferri's clinical advisor 2019 : 5 books in 1. pp. 1225–1226. ISBN 9780323530422.
  12. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ "Types of psychosis". www.mind.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  14. ^ van de Leemput J, Hess JL, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT (2016). "Genetics of Schizophrenia: Historical Insights and Prevailing Evidence". Advances in Genetics. 96: 99–141. doi:10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.08.001. PMID 27968732.
  15. ^ Parakh P, Basu D (August 2013). "Cannabis and psychosis: have we found the missing links?". Asian Journal of Psychiatry (Review). 6 (4): 281–7. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2013.03.012. PMID 23810133. Cannabis acts as a component cause of psychosis, that is, it increases the risk of psychosis in people with certain genetic or environmental vulnerabilities, though by itself, it is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of psychosis.
  16. ^ a b Vita A, Barlati S (May 2018). "Recovery from schizophrenia: is it possible?". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 31 (3): 246–255. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000407. PMID 29474266. S2CID 35299996.
  17. ^ Lawrence, Ryan E.; First, Michael B.; Lieberman, Jeffrey A. (2015). "Chapter 48: Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses". In Tasman, Allan; Kay, Jerald; Lieberman, Jeffrey A.; First, Michael B.; Riba, Michelle B. (eds.). Psychiatry (fourth ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 798, 816, 819. doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch48. ISBN 978-1-118-84547-9.
  18. ^ Killaspy H (September 2014). "Contemporary mental health rehabilitation". East Asian Archives of Psychiatry. 24 (3): 89–94. PMID 25316799.
  19. ^ Charlson FJ, Ferrari AJ, Santomauro DF, et al. (17 October 2018). "Global Epidemiology and Burden of Schizophrenia: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 44 (6): 1195–1203. doi:10.1093/schbul/sby058. PMC 6192504. PMID 29762765.
  20. ^ van Os J, Kapur S (August 2009). "Schizophrenia" (PDF). Lancet. 374 (9690): 635–45. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60995-8. PMID 19700006. S2CID 208792724. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  21. ^ Hor K, Taylor M (November 2010). "Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 24 (4 Suppl): 81–90. doi:10.1177/1359786810385490. PMC 2951591. PMID 20923923.
  22. ^ Siskind D, Siskind V, Kisely S (November 2017). "Clozapine Response Rates among People with Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Data from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 62 (11): 772–777. doi:10.1177/0706743717718167. PMC 5697625. PMID 28655284.
  23. ^ Becker T, Kilian R (2006). "Psychiatric services for people with severe mental illness across western Europe: what can be generalized from current knowledge about differences in provision, costs and outcomes of mental health care?". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 113 (429): 9–16. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00711.x. PMID 16445476.
  24. ^ Capdevielle D, Boulenger JP, Villebrun D, Ritchie K (September 2009). "[Schizophrenic patients' length of stay: mental health care implication and medicoeconomic consequences]". Encephale (in French). 35 (4): 394–9. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2008.11.005. PMID 19748377.
  25. ^ Narayan KK, Kumar DS (January 2012). "Disability in a Group of Long-stay Patients with Schizophrenia: Experience from a Mental Hospital". Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 34 (1): 70–5. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.96164. PMC 3361848. PMID 22661812.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  26. ^ Javitt DC (June 2014). "Balancing therapeutic safety and efficacy to improve clinical and economic outcomes in schizophrenia: a clinical overview". The American Journal of Managed Care. 20 (8 Suppl): S160-5. PMID 25180705.
  27. ^ James SL, Abate D (November 2018). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017". The Lancet. 392 (10159): 1789–1858. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7. PMC 6227754. PMID 30496104.
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