User:Mr. Ibrahem/Spondylolisthesis
| Spondylolisthesis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Olisthesis |
 | |
| X-ray of the lateral lumbar spine with a grade III anterolisthesis at the L5-S1 level. | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | Orthopedics |
| Symptoms | Back pain, sciatica[1] |
| Complications | Loss of bowel or bladder control[1] |
| Types | By slippage: Grade I, II, III, IV, V[1] By cause: Type I, II, III, IV, V[2] |
| Causes | Degenerative, isthmic, traumatic, dysplastic, pathologic[1] |
| Risk factors | Obesity, certain sports[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Medical imaging[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Degenerative disc disease, myofascial pain[1] |
| Treatment | Pain medication, physiotherapy, steroid injections, surgery[3] |
| Frequency | 12% (USA)[3] |
Spondylolisthesis is the displacement of one spinal vertebra compared to another.[1] Symptoms main include back pain or sciatica; though some have no symptoms.[1][2] Symptoms may be worsened with movement of the back.[1] Trouble walking and leg weakness may occur.[1] Complications may rarely include loss of bowel or bladder control.[1]
Causes include degenerative, isthmic, traumatic, dysplastic, or pathologic.[1] Isthmic disease refers to break down of the pars interarticularis which may repeated minor trauma such as with wrestling or gymnastics.[1] Dysplastic disease refers to abnormal facet joint alignment, which may be either present at birth or acquired later in life.[1] Pathologic disease refers to connective tissue disorders, cancer, or following surgery.[1] Diagnosis is typically by X ray.[1] Most commonly the lower lumbar spine is affected; though the cervical spine may also be involved.[1]
Initial treatment may include pain medication, physiotherapy, and steroid injections into the area.[3] Other measures may include weight loss.[1] If this is not sufficiently effective certain people may benefit from surgery; however, which type of surgery is benefit is unclear.[3]
Spondylolisthesis affects about 12% of people in the United States.[3] Degenerative disease occurs more commonly in women than men.[2] Spondylolisthesis was first described in 1782 by Belgian obstetrician Herbinaux.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Tenny, S; Gillis, CC (January 2022). "Spondylolisthesis". PMID 28613518.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c "Spondylolisthesis - Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Chan, AK; Sharma, V; Robinson, LC; Mummaneni, PV (July 2019). "Summary of Guidelines for the Treatment of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis". Neurosurgery clinics of North America. 30 (3): 353–364. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2019.02.009. PMID 31078236.
- ^ Newman PH (1955). "Spondylolisthesis, its cause and effect". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 16 (5): 305–23. PMC 2377893. PMID 14377314.