User:Mr. Ibrahem/Syphilis
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| Syphilis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Electron micrograph of Treponema pallidum | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulcer[1] |
| Causes | Treponema pallidum usually spread by sex[2] |
| Diagnostic method | Blood tests, dark field microscopy of infected fluid[3][4] |
| Differential diagnosis | Many other diseases[3] |
| Prevention | Condoms, not having sex[3] |
| Treatment | Antibiotics[5] |
| Frequency | 45.4 million / 0.6% (2015)[6] |
| Deaths | 107,000 (2015)[7] |
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.[1] The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary).[2] The primary stage classically presents with a single chancre (a firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration usually between 1 cm and 2 cm in diameter) though there may be multiple sores.[3] In secondary syphilis, a diffuse rash occurs, which frequently involves the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.[3] There may also be sores in the mouth or vagina.[3] In latent syphilis, which can last for years, there are few or no symptoms.[3] In tertiary syphilis, there are gummas (soft, non-cancerous growths), neurological problems, or heart symptoms.[4] Syphilis has been known as "the great imitator" as it may cause symptoms similar to many other diseases.[2][3]
Syphilis is most commonly spread through sexual activity.[3] It may also be transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy or at birth, resulting in congenital syphilis.[3][8] Other diseases caused by the Treponema bacteria include yaws (subspecies pertenue), pinta (subspecies carateum), and nonvenereal endemic syphilis (subspecies endemicum).[4] These three diseases are not typically sexually transmitted.[9] Diagnosis is usually made by using blood tests; the bacteria can also be detected using dark field microscopy.[3] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) recommend all pregnant women be tested.[3]
The risk of sexual transmission of syphilis can be reduced by using a latex or polyurethane condom.[3] Syphilis can be effectively treated with antibiotics.[5] The preferred antibiotic for most cases is benzathine benzylpenicillin injected into a muscle.[5] In those who have a severe penicillin allergy, doxycycline or tetracycline may be used.[5] In those with neurosyphilis, intravenous benzylpenicillin or ceftriaxone is recommended.[5] During treatment people may develop fever, headache, and muscle pains, a reaction known as Jarisch–Herxheimer.[5]
In 2020 there were 7.1 million new cases of syphilis globally.[10] The previous 20 years had seen a significant global rise in cases.[11] In 2015, about 45.4 million people were infected with syphilis,[6] with six million new cases.[12] During 2015, it caused about 107,000 deaths, down from 202,000 in 1990.[7][13] After decreasing dramatically with the availability of penicillin in the 1940s, rates of infection have increased since the turn of the millennium in many countries, often in combination with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[4][14] This is believed to be partly due to increased promiscuity, prostitution, decreasing use of condoms, and unsafe sexual practices among men who have sex with men.[15][16][17]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Ghanem, Khalil G.; Hook, Edward W. (2020). "303. Syphilis". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 1983–1989. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
- ^ a b c Ferri, Fred F. (2022). "Syphilis". Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022. Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 1452=1454. ISBN 978-0-323-75571-9. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Syphilis – CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed)". CDC. 2 November 2015. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
- ^ a b c d Kent ME, Romanelli F (February 2008). "Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 42 (2): 226–36. doi:10.1345/aph.1K086. PMID 18212261.
- ^ a b c d e f "Syphilis". CDC. 4 June 2015. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
- ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Woods CR (June 2009). "Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 28 (6): 536–7. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ac8a69. PMID 19483520.
- ^ "Pinta". NORD. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- ^ Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021 (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization;. 2021. ISBN 978-92-4-003098-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Ghanem KG, Ram S, Rice PA (February 2020). "The Modern Epidemic of Syphilis". N. Engl. J. Med. 382 (9): 845–54. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1901593. PMID 32101666.
- ^ Newman, L; Rowley, J; Vander Hoorn, S; Wijesooriya, NS; Unemo, M; Low, N; Stevens, G; Gottlieb, S; Kiarie, J; Temmerman, M (2015). "Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting". PLOS One. 10 (12): e0143304. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1043304N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143304. PMC 4672879. PMID 26646541.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Lozano, R (15 December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMID 23245604. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ Franzen, C (December 2008). "Syphilis in composers and musicians--Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 27 (12): 1151–7. doi:10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x. PMID 18592279.
- ^ Coffin, L. S.; Newberry, A.; Hagan, H.; Cleland, C. M.; Des Jarlais, D. C.; Perlman, D. C. (January 2010). "Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries". The International Journal on Drug Policy. 21 (1): 20–7. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008. PMC 2790553. PMID 19361976.
- ^ Gao, L; Zhang, L; Jin, Q (September 2009). "Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 85 (5): 354–8. doi:10.1136/sti.2008.034702. PMID 19351623.
- ^ Karp, G; Schlaeffer, F; Jotkowitz, A; Riesenberg, K (January 2009). "Syphilis and HIV co-infection". European Journal of Internal Medicine. 20 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002. PMID 19237085.