User:Mr. Ibrahem/Water intoxication

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Water intoxication
Other namesWater poisoning,[1] hypotonic hyperhydration,[1] overhydration, water toxicity,[2] water toxemia
SpecialtyToxicology, critical care medicine
SymptomsLarge amounts of urine, headache, weakness, muscle cramps, nausea, confusion[1]
ComplicationsSeizures, osmotic demyelination syndrome[1]
CausesDrinking excess water[1]
Risk factorsPsychiatric conditions, child abuse, ecstasy, water-drinking contests, excess fluids during exercise[1][3]
PreventionDrinking to thirst during sport, oral rehydration solutions[4]
MedicationRestricting fluids, intravenous hypertonic saline[5][4]
FrequencyRare[1]

Water intoxication (WI) is a condition that occurs due to drinking excessive amounts of water.[1] Initial symptoms include production of large amounts of urine.[1] More severe symptoms may include headache, weakness, muscle cramps, nausea, and confusion.[1] Complications may include seizures and osmotic demyelination syndrome.[1][5]

It can occur as a result of psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia and anorexia, child abuse, ecstasy use, water-drinking contests, or drinking excess fluids during exercise.[1][3] Other causes include excessive intravenous sugar solution without sufficient salt and a method of torture in which a person is forced to drink excessive amounts of water.[1] The underlying mechanism involves the introduction of more water than the kidneys can eliminate resulting in low blood sodium.[1][4] As the blood becomes hypotonic the brain swells.[1]

Prevention in sports is by drinking to match ones thirst.[4] Using oral rehydration solutions rather than sports drinks may also help.[4] For mild cases, restricting fluids may be sufficient.[5] For severe cases intravenous hypertonic saline may be used.[4] Water intoxication is rare.[1] Death has occurred from drinking 6 liters of water over three hours.[6] The condition has been described since at least 1923 by Rowntree.[7][8]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Radojevic, N; Bjelogrlic, B; Aleksic, V; Rancic, N; Samardzic, M; Petkovic, S; Savic, S (10 July 2012). "Forensic aspects of water intoxication: four case reports and review of relevant literature". Forensic science international. 220 (1–3): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.021. PMID 22306188.
  2. ^ Peechakara, BV; Gupta, M (January 2023). "Water Toxicity". StatPearls. PMID 30725916.
  3. ^ a b Noakes TD, Speedy DB (July 2006). "Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted?". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (7): 567–72. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.020354. PMC 2564296. PMID 16799109.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Siegel, AJ (October 2015). "Fatal water intoxication and cardiac arrest in runners during marathons: prevention and treatment based on validated clinical paradigms". The American journal of medicine. 128 (10): 1070–5. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.03.031. PMID 25910792.
  5. ^ a b c Metheny, NA; Meert, KL (January 2018). "Water Intoxication and Child Abuse". Journal of emergency nursing. 44 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2017.10.002. PMID 29103598.
  6. ^ Ballantyne, Coco (21 June 2007). "Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  7. ^ Joo, Min A; Kim, Eun Young (2013). "Hyponatremia caused by excessive intake of water as a form of child abuse". Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 18 (2): 95. doi:10.6065/apem.2013.18.2.95. PMID 24904860.
  8. ^ Rowntree, Leonard G. (1 August 1923). "WATER INTOXICATION". Archives of Internal Medicine. 32 (2): 157. doi:10.1001/archinte.1923.00110200003001.
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