User:Mr. Ibrahem/Whole blood

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Mr. Ibrahem/Whole blood
A Red Cross whole blood donation
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		IV

Whole blood (WB) is human blood from a standard blood donation.[2] It is used in the treatment of massive bleeding, in exchange transfusion, and when people donate blood to themselves.[3][2] One unit of whole blood (~517 mls) brings up hemoglobin levels by about 10 g/L.[4][5] Cross matching is typically done before the blood is given.[3][6] It is given by injection into a vein.[7]

Side effects include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, red blood cell breakdown, high blood potassium, infection, volume overload, and lung injury.[3][4] Whole blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and blood plasma.[4] It is best within a day of collection; however, can be used for up to three weeks.[6][4][8] The blood is typically combined with an anticoagulant and preservative during the collection process.[9]

The first transfusion of whole blood was in 1818; however, common use did not begin until the First and Second World Wars.[6][10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11] In the 1980s the cost of whole blood was about US$50 per unit in the United States.[12] Whole blood is not commonly used outside of the developing world and military.[3] It is used to make a number of blood products including packed red blood cells, platelet concentrate, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma.[2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Hillyer, Christopher D. (2007). Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic Principles & Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 190. ISBN 978-0443069819. Archived from the original on 2017-01-12.
  3. ^ a b c d Connell, NT (December 2016). "Transfusion Medicine". Primary Care. 43 (4): 651–659. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2016.07.004. PMID 27866583.
  4. ^ a b c d Plumer, Ada Lawrence (2007). Plumer's Principles and Practice of Intravenous Therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 422. ISBN 9780781759441. Archived from the original on 2017-01-12.
  5. ^ Herndon, David N. (2012). Total Burn Care: Expert Consult - Online and Print. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 194. ISBN 9781455737970. Archived from the original on 2021-04-26. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  6. ^ a b c Bahr, MP; Yazer, MH; Triulzi, DJ; Collins, RA (December 2016). "Whole blood for the acutely haemorrhaging civilian trauma patient: a novel idea or rediscovery?". Transfusion Medicine (Oxford, England). 26 (6): 406–414. doi:10.1111/tme.12329. PMID 27357229.
  7. ^ Linton, Adrianne Dill (2015). Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 287. ISBN 9781455776412. Archived from the original on 2017-09-14.
  8. ^ Marini, John J.; Wheeler, Arthur P. (2012). Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials (4 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 267. ISBN 9781451152845. Archived from the original on 2017-01-11.
  9. ^ Rudmann, Sally V. (2005). Textbook of Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 205. ISBN 072160384X. Archived from the original on 2017-01-12.
  10. ^ Hemmings, Hugh C.; Egan, Talmage D. (2012). Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 628. ISBN 978-1455737932. Archived from the original on 2017-01-11.
  11. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  12. ^ Blood policy & technology. DIANE Publishing. 1985. p. 8. ISBN 9781428923331. Archived from the original on 2017-01-12.
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