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| Anglo-Spanish War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Anglo-Spanish wars | |||||||||
 Combat of Santa María between the squadron of Admiral Rodney and that of Commodore Juan de Lángara (16 January 1780) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Spain |
 Great Britain | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Bernardo de Gálvez, Matías de Gálvez, Luis de Córdova y Córdova, Juan de Lángara |
George Brydges Rodney, Richard Howe, George Augustus Eliott, John Campbell | ||||||||
The Anglo-Spanish War was a military conflict fought between Great Britain and Spain between 1779 and 1783. Spain officially entered the American Revolutionary War on May 8, 1779, with a formal declaration of war by King Charles III. This declaration was followed by another on July 8 that authorized his colonial subjects to engage in hostilities against the British.[1] When Bernardo de Gálvez, the colonial Governor of Spanish Louisiana received word of this on July 21, he immediately began to plan offensive operations.[2]
Europe[edit]
One of Spain's principal goals upon its entry into the American War of Independence in 1779 was the recovery of Gibraltar, which had been lost to England in 1704.[3] The Spanish planned to retake Gibraltar by blockading and starving out its garrison, which included troops from Britain and the Electorate of Hanover.[4] The siege formally began in June 1779, with the Spanish establishing a land blockade around the Rock of Gibraltar.[5] The matching naval blockade was comparatively weak, and the British discovered that small fast ships could evade the blockaders, while slower and larger supply ships generally could not. By late 1779, however, supplies in Gibraltar had become seriously depleted, and its commander, General George Eliott, appealed to London for relief.[6]
A supply convoy was organized, and in late December 1779 a large fleet sailed from England under the command of Admiral Sir George Brydges Rodney. Although Rodney's ultimate orders were to command the West Indies fleet, he had secret instructions to first resupply Gibraltar and Minorca. On 4 January 1780 the fleet divided, with ships headed for the West Indies sailing westward. This left Rodney in command of 19 ships of the line which were to accompany the supply ships to Gibraltar.[7]
On 8 January 1780 ships from Rodney's fleet spotted a group of sails. Giving chase with their faster copper clad ships, the British determined these to be a Spanish supply convoy that was protected by a single ship of the line and several frigates. The entire convoy was captured, with the lone ship of the line, the Guipuzcoana, striking her colours after a perfunctory exchange of fire. The Guipuzcoana was renamed HMS Prince William, in honour of Prince William, who was serving as midshipman in the fleet, and staffed with a small prize crew. Rodney then detached HMS America and the frigate HMS Pearl to escort most of the captured ships back to England; the Prince William was added to his fleet, as were some of the supply ships that carried items likely to be of use to the Gibraltar garrison.[8] On 12 January HMS Dublin, which had lost part of her topmast on 3 January, suffered additional damage and raised a distress flag. Assisted by HMS Shrewsbury, she limped into Lisbon on 16 January.[9]
The Spanish had learnt of the British relief effort. From the blockading squadron a fleet comprising 11 ships of the line under Admiral Juan de Lángara was despatched to intercept Rodney's convoy, and the Atlantic fleet of Admiral Luis de Córdova at Cadiz was also alerted to try to catch him. Córdova learnt of the strength of Rodney's fleet, and returned to Cadiz rather than giving chase. On 16 January the fleets of Lángara and Rodney spotted each other around 1:00 pm south of Cape St. Vincent, the southwestern point of Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula.[10]
Gulf Coast[edit]
Significant military activities of the American Revolutionary War did not occur on the Gulf Coast until 1779, when Spain entered the war. Before then, New Orleans, then the capital of Spanish Louisiana, served as a semi-secret source of money and matériel for the Patriot cause. The cause was quietly supported by the Spanish governors before 1779, and often mediated by Oliver Pollock, a prominent New Orleans businessman.[11] Pollock effectively acted as an agent of the Continental Congress, negotiating with the Spanish governor, and taking other actions, including spending some of his own fortune, on Patriot activities along the lower Mississippi River.[12]</ref>[13]
In 1778 James Willing led a raiding expedition directed against targets in British West Florida. One prize that he captured on the Mississippi River was a British ship, the Rebecca, which he brought into New Orleans.[14] She was brought into the Continental Navy and rechristened the USS Morris in honor of Philadelphia financier Robert Morris.[15]
The British province of West Florida extended from the Mississippi River in the west to the Apalachicola River in the east.[16] The West Florida had been cruising Lake Pontchartrain since 1776 under the command of George Burdon, stopping and searching all manner of shipping, including Spanish merchants destined for New Orleans, to the annoyance of the Spanish. Burdon was unsuccessful in tracking down Willing during his 1778 raid, and returned to Pensacola, West Florida's capital, for refit and repair late in 1778. In January 1779 Burdon was replaced at her helm by Lieutenant John Payne, who had been engaged in survey duty along the West Florida coast and knew the area well.[17] The West Florida was a sloop-of-war armed, according to its captors, with several four- and six-pound cannons and carrying a crew complement of about 30.[18][19] (British accounts place the crew size at 15.)[20]
Central America[edit]
Following the entry of Spain into the American War of Independence in 1779, both Spain and Great Britain contested territories in Central America. Although most of the territory was part of the Spanish Captaincy General of Guatemala, the British had established logging rights on the southern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula (present-day Belize), and had established informal settlements (lacking formal colonial authority) on the Mosquito Coast of present-day Honduras and Nicaragua. Guatemalan Governor Matías de Gálvez had moved quickly when the declaration of war arrived, seizing St. George's Caye, one of the principal British island settlements off the Yucatan coast.[21] Many of the British fled that occupation to the island of Roatán, another British-controlled island about 40 miles (64 km) off the Honduran coast.[22] British commander Edward Marcus Despard used Roatán as a base for guerilla-style operations to extend and maintain British influence on the Mosquito Coast, and for privateering operations against Spanish shipping.[23] (Sources do not indicate whether Despard was present on Roatán at the time of the Spanish attack; if he was, he was probably not captured, since he continued to be active in the area. Stephens suggests that he was on Jamaica at the time.)[24][25]
Gálvez, who had been ordered by King Charles to "dislocate the English from their hidden settlements on the Gulf of Honduras",[26] began planning offensive operations against the British mainland settlements as early as 1780, after the British abandoned their failed expedition into Nicaragua. He raised as many as 15,000 militia, and received financial and logistical support from many parts of the Spanish colonial empire in the Americas. For logistical and diplomatic reasons, no operations were launched until after the American victory at Yorktown in October 1781. The British loss opened the possibility that the British would be able to deploy troops to Central America to better defend the area.[27] Gálvez' plans called for assaults on the British presence in the Bay Islands (principally Roatán), followed by a sweep along the coast to eliminate the British from the mainland. Troops from central Guatemala were staged in early 1782 at Trujillo for the assault on Roatán, while additional forces moved overland from Nicaragua, Honduras, and Salvador toward the principal British settlement of Black River.[28]
Gálvez arrived at Trujillo on March 8 to organise the assault on Roatán. Leaving a force of 600 at Trujillo to further harass the British and their partisan allies, he embarked another 600 troops onto transports, and sailed for Roatán on March 12, escorted by three frigates (Santa Matilde, the Santa Cecilia, and the Antiope) and a number of smaller armed naval vessels,[29] under the command of Commodore Enrique Macdonell.[30]
The British residents of Roatán were aware of the ongoing Spanish military activities. The main settlement, New Port Royal, was defended by Forts Dalling and Despard, which mounted 20 guns. The island's white non-slave population was however quite small. In 1781 they appealed to the British commander at Bluefields for support, but he was only able to send additional weapons, which did not add significantly to the island's defenses.[31]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Gayarré (1867), p. 121
- ^ Gayarré (1867), p. 122
- ^ Chartrand, pp. 12, 30
- ^ Chartrand, pp. 23, 30–31, 37
- ^ Chartrand, p. 30
- ^ Chartrand, p. 37
- ^ Syrett, pp. 234, 237
- ^ Syrett, pp. 238, 306
- ^ Syrett, p. 311
- ^ Chartrand, p. 38
- ^ Kinnaird, pp. 256–259
- ^ James, pp. 65–71, 241
- ^ Ellis, p. 50
- ^ Kinnaird, p. 260
- ^ "DANFS entry for USS Morris". US Naval Historical Center. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
- ^ Ellis, p. 42
- ^ Rea, pp. 197–199
- ^ Ellis, p. 54
- ^ Rea, p. 197
- ^ Rea, p. 200
- ^ Chávez, p. 152
- ^ Bolland, p. 31
- ^ Oman, p. 5
- ^ Stephens, p. 254
- ^ Oman, p. 6
- ^ Chávez, p. 151
- ^ Floyd, pp. 154–155
- ^ Floyd, p. 155
- ^ Chávez, pp. 162–163
- ^ Marley, p. 342
- ^ Floyd, p. 157
References[edit]
- Chartrand, René (2006). Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege. Courcelle, Patrice (1st ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781841769776. OCLC 255272192.
- Ellis, Frederick (1999) [1981]. St. Tammany Parish: L'Autre Cote Du Lac. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. ISBN 9781565545632. OCLC 46673813.
- James, James Alton (1937). Oliver Pollock: the Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot. Freeport, NY: Ayer Publishing. ISBN 9780836955279. OCLC 101066.
- Gayarré, Charles (1867). History of Louisiana : The Spanish Domination, Volume 3. New York: Widdleton. OCLC 1855106.
- Kinnaird, Lawrence (July 1976). "The Western Fringe of Revolution". The Western Historical Quarterly. 7 (3). The Western History Association: 253–270. doi:10.2307/967081. JSTOR 967081.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) (subscription required for JSTOR) - Marley, David (1998). Wars of the Americas: a Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-87436-837-6.
- Oman, Charles (1922). The Unfortunate Colonel Despard. New York: B. Franklin. OCLC 1173611.
- Rea, Robert (1981). "Florida and the Royal Navy's Floridas". Florida Historical Quarterly. 6 (2). Florida Historical Society: 186–203. JSTOR 30146768. (subscription required for JSTOR)
- Syrett, David (2007). The Rodney Papers: Selections From the Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754660071. OCLC 506119281. Reprints numerous British documents concerning Rodney's entire expedition.