User:NiluXC/sandbox

1

{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᠠ|h|lang=mn|font-size=2em|vertical-align=middle}}

Mongolian script#History/Infobox

1204 – (Mongolia)

1941 (decree on adoption of Cyrillic script)

– 1946 (Replaced by the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet in Mongolia)

---

– 1931 (Buryats)

1937 – (Buryat Cyrillic, Buryat ASSR)

1648 – (Clear Script)

General

• Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout
• Wikipedia:Citing sources
  • Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_using_a_source_more_than_once

Wiktionary

• Wikt:Module:Mong-translit
  • · & ·:·
  • ❖
  • ::
  • Wikt:Module:Deva-Mong-translit
• Wikt:Module:mnc-translit
  • Wikt:Module:Deva-mnc-Mong-translit
• Wikt:Module:xwo-translit

====References=== * {{R:sog:Gharib|rγʾh|section=8471|page=341a}}

(Мон) Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet

When capitalizing, it is mostly the practice in Mongolian to only do so with the first word of names, such as (¿/including?) titles and organizations.

(ᠮᠣᠩ) Multigraphs

• As in ᠣ/ᠣᠣ/ᠣᠣ᠎ᠠ^⟨?⟩ o/oo^?/oo‑a (оо oo) 'powder' or ᠣᠣ/ᠠᠭᠤᠤ uu/aγuu (агуу aguu) 'vast, great[ly], large', etc.

• 
  • It can sometimes combine with a connected suffix before it, creating forms such as bišüü or bišiuu in place of biši uu.
  • It can sometimes combine with a connected suffix before it, creating forms such as yabumuu, yabubuu, or bišiuu, in place of yabumui‑uu, yabuba‑uu, or busu uu.
  • It can sometimes combine with a connected suffix before it, creating forms such as yabumuu (from yabu+mui+uu), yabubuu (from yabu+ba+uu), or ‑luu (from ‑la+uu).

• <!- As in ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ keüked (хүүхэд khüükhed). ->

• <!- As in ᠴᠢᠨᠤ᠎ᠠ činu-a / чоно chono. ->

• <!- As in ᠢᠷᠦᠦ᠎ᠠ iruu-a / ёр yor. ->

• <!- As in ᠲᠠᠤᠯᠠᠶ taulay / туулай tuulai. ->

(ᠠᠯᠢ) Galik αβ

MIX

... Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names (as listed below). (ᠽ ᠹ ᠾ/ᡁ ᠻ ᠫ ᠼ ᠿ)

Galig alphabet ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ
ᠦᠰᠦᠭ γaliγ üsüg from Ka-lekah, a compound of the first syllable ka of the Nagari alphabet, and the Sanskrit word for 'writing'.

Finals

Final forms: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17115r-aligali-finals.pdf

h

Transcribes Chakhar /h/[x]

Used when transcribing foreign words (originally for h in Tibetan ཧ /ha/, ྷ /-ha/; Sanskrit ह /ha/).

Galik letter; derived from Tibetan preceded by an "Aleph" for initial form.

lh

• лхагва ᡀᠠᠭᠪᠠ lhaγba 'wednesday'
• ‍ᡀᠠᠵᠠᠪ: <!- As in ᠯᠠᡀᠠᠵᠠᠪ lalhaǰab / ??. -> As in ᠨᠤᠷᠠᡀᠠᠵᠠᠪ nuralhaǰab Алтанлхагва ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨᡀᠠᠭᠪᠠ??.

BabelStone

http://babelstone.co.uk/Mongolian/Resources.html

• 69, 86–87, 89, 91, 96, 102, 144–145, 153–155,
  • 61–68 Ranjana, Sanskrit, Manchu, Mongol.
  • 125–135 StackedTibetan, Manchu, Mongol.
  • 189–194 Sanskrit, Manchu, Mongol.
  • 241–255 Tibetan, Manchu, Mongol.
• 220, 244–249, 251, 254–255

Letters

VOWELS

Galik alphabet#Letters

Chinese-specific consonants
Mongol­ian	Roman­ization	Chi­nese
ᠿ‍	ž	r[i]
ᡁᠢ	zhi	zhi
ᡂᠢ	chi	chī

日 ri • zhi • 蚩 chī

() Old Uyghur αβ

https://keyboard.cool/db/old-uyghur/old-uyghur-combining-dot-above

{{Script/Uyghur|‌𐽰‌|font-size=200%}}

Letters
Name​	Image				Transliteration	Prototype in the Sogdian (sutra) script
	Isolate	Initial	Medial	Final
Aleph					(see vowels)	𐼰‎	ʾ
Beth					w / v	𐼱‎	b
Gimel					γ ~ x (allophones)	𐼲‎	g
Heth						𐼶‎	h
Dotted heth				Dotted	q	𐼶𐽉‎
Waw					(see vowels)	𐼴‎	w
Zayin					z	𐼵‎	z
Dotted zayin		—	—		ž	𐼵𐽇‎	ž
Yodh					y, (see vowels)	𐼷‎	y
Kaph					k ~ g (allophones)	𐼸‎	k
Lamedh					d / δ	𐼹‎	l (δ)
Mem					m	𐼺‎	m
Nun					n	𐼻‎	n
Samekh					s	𐼼‎	s
Pe					b and p	𐼾‎	p
Sadhe					č /cç/	𐼿‎	ṣ (c)
Resh					r	𐽀‎	r
Shin					s	𐽁‎	š
Double-dotted shin					š	𐽁𐽇‎
Taw					t	𐽂‎	t
Lesh (hooked resh)					l	𐽄‎

Vowels
	Initial	Medial	Final	Transliteration
Aleph				a
				e
Yodh	+			ï / i
Waw	+			o / u
Waw (+ yod)	+			ö / ü

---

Ver text 2

Gimel-Heth	Beth	Aleph
𐽲	𐽱	𐽰

Ver text 2

Gimel-Heth	Beth	Aleph
𐽲	𐽱	𐽰

(ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ) #αβ

Main

Ref

https://archive.org/details/cu31924023341112/page/n11/mode/1up

Li2010 Manchu script pages

Li2010 Sibe script pages

ᡳᠣᡳ<!- Form not found in Daniels & Bright / Gorelova / Li. ->

ᡳᠣᡳ᠊⟨?⟩<!- Form not found in Daniels & Bright / Gorelova / Li. It also renders differently between Noto and Baiti typefaces (final "i" with or without a preceding tooth). ->

᠊ᡳᠣᡳ᠊⟨?⟩<!- Form not found in Daniels & Bright / Gorelova / Li. It also renders differently between Noto and Baiti typefaces (final "i" with or without a preceding tooth). ->

᠊ᡳᠣᡳ<!- Form not found in Daniels & Bright / Li. -><!- Form found in Gorelova p. 64 ->

ioi [y]<!- Gorelova p. 82? -><!- Li2010 p. 300 ->

Used in Chinese loanwords.

Ba (Mongolic)#Manchu language

C-V syllables
ba	be	bi	bo	bu	Transliteration
ᠪᠠ	ᠪᡝ	ᠪᡳ	ᠪᠣ	ᠪᡠ	Alone
ᠪᠠ‍	ᠪᡝ‍	ᠪᡳ‍	ᠪᠣ‍	ᠪᡠ‍	Initial
‍ᠪᠠ‍	‍ᠪᡝ‍	‍ᠪᡳ‍	‍ᠪᠣ‍	‍ᠪᡠ‍	Medial
‍ᠪᠠ	‍ᠪᡝ	‍ᠪᡳ	‍ᠪᠣ	‍ᠪᡠ	Final

Qa (Mongolic)#Manchu language

C-V syllables
ka	ke	ki	ko	kū	Transliteration
ᡴᠠ	ᡴᡝ	ᡴᡳ	ᡴᠣ	ᡴᡡ	Alone
ᡴᠠ‍	ᡴᡝ‍	ᡴᡳ‍	ᡴᠣ‍	ᡴᡡ‍	Initial
‍ᡴᠠ‍	‍ᡴᡝ‍	‍ᡴᡳ‍	‍ᡴᠣ‍	‍ᡴᡡ‍	Medial
‍ᡴᠠ	‍ᡴᡝ	‍ᡴᡳ	‍ᡴᠣ	‍ᡴᡡ	Final

Syllable-final
k	Transliteration
‍ᡴ᠋‍	Medial

(ᡐᡆᡑᡆ) αβ

1

• Bobrovnikov1849 (UN-used)
• Shagdarsueren2001 (UN-used)

ᡒ[tʃ]

1. As in ᡒᡄᡎ / ᡔᡄᡎ ceq 'dot'.
2. As in ᡆᡒᡅ oči^? / ᡆᡃᡔᡅ ōci 'calyx, scobs / jaw, jowl '.

ᠴ[dz-]?

1. As in ᠴᠠᡏ zam 'way, road'.

Other

1. ᠴᡈᡉᠨ zöün 'left, east'.

(ᠮᠣᠩ
ᠪᠢᠴ) #History

Copyists of Buddhist texts emulated the narrow horizontal page formats of South Asian and Tibetan texts.

Palm-leaf manuscripts.

(ᠮᠣᠩ
ᠪᠢᠴ) #Overview

#Alphabetical orders

Only in a late form can a definite order of signs be established for the alphabet, but it can likely be derived from an earlier Uyghur model.

• Traditional: n q/k, γ/g, b, p, s, š, t, d, l, m, č...
• Modern: n, b, p, q, k, m, l, s, š, t, d, č ...
• In school textbooks: a, e, i, o, u, ö, ü, na, ba, ha/he, ga/ge, ja, ya, ta, da, ma, cha, ra, sa, sha, la, va, fa/pa, za, tsa, ka, lha, and final ng.
• ???: a, e, i, o/u, ö/ü, n, (ng), q, γ, b, p, s, š, t/d, l, m, č, ǰ/y, k/g, (k), r, v, h.
• Other !!!modern orderings that apply to specific dictionaries!!! also exist.
• The letters q and k became neighbors under Manchu influence.

South Mongolian order	a	e	i	o	u	ö	ü	n	b	p	q	k	γ	g	m	l	s	š	t	d	č	j	y	r	v	(f)	(ž)	(c)	(k)	(h)
Used in the Mongolian Republic dictionaries after 1924										q	k	γ	g	j	y	t	d	m	č	r	s	š	l	v	(f)	(p)
Mongolian Republic 1989 primer																									(p)	(f)	(z)

#Consonant clusters

• , or in loanwords such as Old Uighur ᠭᠢᠷ kir/gir or ᠬᠬᠢᠷ^⟨?⟩ kkir/gkir (хир khir) 'dirt'.
  • (kir 'dirt')
  • (kkir = kir)
  • (kkir 'filth')
  • 'dirt'
  • <ggir → gir>

#Compound names

ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨᠠ᠋ᠭᠤᠯᠠ Altan'aγula

ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠠ᠋ᠭᠤᠯᠠ Batu'aγula

ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠨ᠋ ᠤᠳᠤ → ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠨ᠋᠊᠋ᠤ᠋ᠳᠤ

(ᠮᠣᠩ
ᠪᠢᠴ) #Letters

Particles

• Lessing1960 • Poppe1974 • Grønbech1993 • Janhunen2006 • Janhunen2012 • Bawden2013 • Sanders2015
  • 2012: Vowel harmony & particles

BEFORE? ("{{Refn|name=Lessing1960|") OR AFTER? ("|name=Lessing1960}}")

	⋱⋱⋱⋱⋱ bold = old ⋱⋱⋱⋱⋱ bold+underlined = new ⋱⋱⋱⋱⋱
A	Vocative particle a or a‑a, used for addressing people (as in 'oh, master!). "A" interjection – wrongly called a vocative suffix Of like function ‑a.
Mongolian script multigraphs	As in ᠠᠢ ai (ай ai) 'category; sound, noise', or a vocative pity/sympathy/worry-expressing interjection particle.
ᠪᠡᠷ B	The nominative/emphatic ᠪᠡᠷ ber particle is graphically identical with ‑bar/‑ber.
Ö Ü K G	As in the reinforcing/strengthening (emphatic) kü ᠭᠦ⟨?⟩ kü (хүү khüü) particle,
G	For the two harmonic variants of the particle ᠰᠢᠭ᠋⟨?⟩/ᠰᠢᠭ⟨?⟩ siγ/sig (шиг shig) 'similar to, similarly, like' etc., the choice between final γ or g is dependent on whether it occurs after a masculine or a feminine word, respectively.
ᠯᠠ L	As in the intensifying/generalizing ⟨ᠯᠠ⟩ la/le particle (л l; written ᠡᠯᠡ ele in its earlier form), or ᠯᠠ la (лаа(н) laa(n)) 'candle'.
ᠳᠠ T D	As in the second person singular/plural pronoun ᠲᠠ ta 'you', or the colloquial, affirmative, and strengthening/intensifying (emphatic) ⟨ᠳᠠ and ᠳ᠋ᠠ⟩ da/de (даа/дээ/доо/дөө daa/dee/doo/döö) particle used after the predicate, and instead of ǰ‑a.
ᠴᠣ C	As in the strengthening/intensifying (emphatic) and concessive ⟨ᠴᠤ⟩ ču/čü (ч ch) 'even, as for' particle, ᠴᠣ/ᠴᠣᠭᠤ čo/čoγu (цоо tsoo) 'through and through, completely', or ᠴᠦ čü (цүү tsüü) 'spike, bolt'. ču 'also, too; as well as; neither, nor' ....
ᠵᠠ J	As in the interjection ᠵᠠ ǰa (заа zaa) 'all right, yes, very good, well!, now then'.
ᠵ᠎ᠠ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ J	⟨⟩ As in ǰ‑a (за/заа za/zaa) 'well, allright'; emphatic final; ǰ‑a particle expressing presumption, probability, or hope; doubt-expressing ǰ‑a particle ('perhaps, maybe'), and corroborative ǰ‑e particle. ‑ǰa 'indeed, to be sure'. = p.46. ‑ǰa emphatic particle; 'certainly, surely'. = p.46. As in the strengthening (emphatic) ǰa particle, which can be Translated as 'indeed, to be sure, certainly'.

O/0

n	γ (ɣ)	d	y
‍ᠨ᠋‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of NA w/ FVS1 (correctly dotted as of Baiti 5.52/5.53; incorrectly undotted as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial NA w/o it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. ->	‍ᠭ᠋‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of GA w/ FVS1 (correctly dotted as of Baiti 5.52/5.53; incorrectly undotted as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial GA w/o it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. ->	‍ᠳ᠋‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of DA w/ FVS1 (correctly lamedh-shaped as of Baiti 5.52/5.53, and Noto 2.001/2.003; incorrectly belly-tooth-shaped as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial DA w/o it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. ->	‍ᠶ᠋‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of YA w/ FVS1 (correctly with upturn ¿as of Baiti 5.52/5.53?; incorrectly without upturn as of Baiti 5.52/5.53, Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial YA w/o it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. ->
‍ᠨ‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of NA w/o FVS1 (correctly undotted as of Baiti 5.52/5.53; incorrectly dotted as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial NA w/ it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. ->	‍ᠭ‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of GA w/o FVS1 (correctly undotted as of Baiti 5.52/5.53; incorrectly dotted as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial GA w/ it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. ->	‍ᠳ‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of DA w/o FVS1 (correctly belly-tooth-shaped as of Baiti 5.52/5.53, and Noto 2.001/2.003; incorrectly lamedh-shaped as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial DA w/ it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. ->	‍ᠶ‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of YA w/o FVS1 (correctly without upturn as of Baiti 5.52/5.53; incorrectly with upturn as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial YA w/ it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. ->	Medial (diphthongs)
‍ᠨ᠋‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	‍ᠭ᠋‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	‍ᠳ᠋‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	‍ᠶ᠋‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩
‍ᠨ‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	‍ᠭ‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	‍ᠳ‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	‍ᠶ‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	Medial (diphthongs)

A to WA

A

• Old Mongolian */a/;

E

• Old Mongolian */e/;

EE

• Derived from Old Uyghur bet,

I

• Old Mongolian */i/;
• Today, often absorbed into a preceding syllable when at the end of a word.

O

• Old Mongolian */o/;
• Indistinguishable from u, except when inferred by its context, where it is only found in medial or final syllables if the initial syllable also carries it, or rarely when it carries the vowel i.

U

• Old Mongolian */u/;
• Indistinguishable from o, except when inferred by its context, where only u is found in medial or final syllables if the initial syllable carries a, or u, and most often when it carries the vowel i.

Ö

• Old Mongolian */ø/;
• Indistinguishable from ü, except when inferred by its context, where it is only found in medial or final syllables if the initial syllable also carries it.

• The syllable-initial medial form ‍ᠥ᠋‍ is also used in non-initial syllables in proper name compounds, as well as in loanwords.

Ü

• Old Mongolian */y/;
• Indistinguishable from ö, except when inferred by its context, where only ü is found in medial or final syllables if the initial syllable carries e, i, or ü.

• The syllable-initial medial form ‍ᠦ᠋‍ is also used in non-initial syllables in proper name compounds, as well as in loanwords.

• For proper name compound words, the forms used in initial syllables are retained at the beginning of second part of the compound ⟨‍ᠦ᠌‍/‍ᠦ᠋‍⟩. The form ‍ᠦ᠋‍ can also be used elsewhere in loanwords.

N

Distinction from other tooth-shaped letters by position in syllable sequence.

B

• For Classical Mongolian, Latin v is used only for transcribing words of foreign origin, so most в (v) in Mongolian Cyrillic correspond to б (b) in Classical Mongolian.

Q

• Distinction from other tooth-shaped letters by position in syllable sequence.

Č

WRITTEN MONGOL

As a general rule, the Khalkha palatal stops/affricates (c j) remain before a historical *i but becomes dental sibilant affricates (dz tz) before other vowels.

ᠴ c (Proto-Mongolic *c); ᠵ‍/‍ᠵ‍ j/cz (Proto-Mongolic *j).

PROTO-MONGOL PHONEMES for PALATIZATION DIALECTS (KHALKHA & CHAKHAR)

Importantly, palatal breaking had a reverse effect on the original palatal stops (sibilant affricates) *c *j, which in the palatalization dialects underwent dentalization before vowels other than *i, e.g. *cag ‘time’ > tsag, *jam ‘road’ > dzam. Before *i, including cases of breaking, the segments *c *j remain phonetically palatal, but in the synchronic system they have become incorporated into the palatalized series, e.g. *cida- ‘to be able’ > *cyada- > c(y)ad-, *jira (: *jira/n) ‘sixty’ > *jyara- > j(y)ar.

R

• Transcribed words of foreign origin usually get a vowel prepended (prothesis); transcribing Русь (Russia) results in ᠣᠷᠤᠰ Oros/Orus. (PROTHETIC O)

W

<!- As in ᠬᠤᠸᠷᠠᠭ/ᠬᠤᠸ᠋ᠷᠠᠭ quvraγ[2][3] or ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠷᠠᠭ quvaraγ 'clergy' [S. sangha; Tib. dge 'dun]. -> (хувраг khuvrag, 僧衆, 仏僧衆, monk, clergy)

⟨ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠷᠠᠭ⟩ 'clergy'.

དགེ་འདུན་ dge 'dun [gendyn] 'Buddhist community'.

(ᠮᠣᠩ
ᠪᠢᠴ) #Components

Components

འཇར་ཐིག་ 'jar thig ??

Form	Name(s)	Use
᠊ᠡ‍	'Tooth'	The main part of letters a/e (from Old Uyghur aleph), n and first part of ng (nun), q/γ (gimel-heth), m (mem), l (hooked resh), d/t (taw), etc. Historically also part of k/g (kaph), as well as r (resh).
	'Tooth'
ᠡ‍	'Crown'	Exaggerated initial (swash) tooth. Used for the leading aleph of initial vowels (a, e, i, o, u, ö, ü, ē), and with some initial consonants (n , m, l, h = nun, mem, hooked resh, ha etc).
᠊᠊	'Spine, backbone'	The vertical line running through words.
‍᠊ᠠ	'Tail'	The swash final of a, e, n, d, etc.
‍᠊ᠰ᠋	'Short tail'	The swash final of q and γ, m, and s (samekh-shin and zayin).
᠎ᠠ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	Crook	Separated final a/e.
	Crook, 'Sprinkling, dusting'	Connected lower part of final a/e; the lower part of final (kaph) g.
‍ᡳ᠌	'Hook'	Lower part of final i (after bow-shaped b, k and g) and d.
ᠵ‍	'Shin, stick'	A main part of i, ǰ, and y, and final part of initial ö and ü (yodh); the upper part of final (kaph) g; etc.
	'Straight shin'
	'Long tooth'
ᠶ‍	'Shin with upturn'	Initial and medial y (yodh).
ᠸ‍	Shin with downturn	The letters ē and w (bet).
ᠷ‍	Horned shin	The letter r (resh). Historically also the upper part of final g and separated a/e.
ᠳ᠋‍	'Looped shin'	Medial t/d (lamedh). Historically with its enclosed (counter) endpoint varying in shape as open/closed, hook-shaped, pointy/round etc.
ᡁ‍	'Hollow shin'	The letters h and zh (from the Tibetan script) .
‍ᠢ	'Bow'	Final i, o/u/ö/ü, and r; ng, b/p (pe), k/g, etc.
‍᠊ᠣ‍	'Belly, stomach,' loop, contour	The counter of o/u/ö/ü (waw), b, p, initial t/d, etc.
ᠲ‍	'Hind-gut'	Initial t/d (taw).
ᠬ	[...]	Initial q/γ (gimel-heth).
‍᠊ᠮ‍	'Braid, pigtail' and 'Horn'	The letters m (mem) and l (hooked resh).
‍᠊ᠯ‍
‍᠊ᠰ‍	'Corner of the mouth'	The letters s/š (samekh-shin).
‍ᠴ‍	[...]	The letter č (angular tsade).
	'Fork'
‍ᠵ‍	[...]	The letter ǰ (smooth tsade).
	'Tusk, fang'
‍᠊ᠹ‍	Flaglet, tuft	The left-side diacritic of f, z, etc. These names are only used for such components created for words of foreign origin.
‍ᠽ‍

Components 2

Text(?)	Names	'Transl'	Mongolian English Dictionary
᠊ᠡ‍	'[...]' / өргөс örgös / ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠰᠦ örgesü	'thorn'	ᠳᠤᠰᠤᠯ dusul ДУСАЛ 'dots', specifically the diacritic for the letter transcribed as γ.ТИТЭМ (crown!) ... АЦАГ (tooth!) ... ШУД (tooth!) ... НУРУУ back, backbone, spine. The central vertical stroke. СҮҮЛ (tail!) ... ОРХИЦ the separate long final stroke forming a and e. ЦАЦЛАГА the separate long final stroke forming a and e. II; sprinkling, dusting. ШИЛБЭ shin, shin-bones, bones of the lower leg, the "long tooth" in letters such as j and y (also урт шуд). шулуун (straight!) ... урт шуд "long tooth". этгэр turned up, bent upwards. матгар curved, bent. өргөс 1.(~хэргэс) barb, thorn, spine, splinter. өргөстей төмөр утас barbed wire. гогцоо1. loop. хөнхөр hollow eyed and jutted, browed. НУМ the bow-like stroke in letters such as b, k. ГЭДЭС belly, stomach. The loop or belly in letters such as o, b, t. АР back (n.). арын ~ hind-gut (insect). ЗАРТИГ The hook or loop on letters such as f,p. ГЭЗЭГ pigtail, queue; the upward or downward hooks for the letters l and m. ЭВЭР horn, antler; the upward or downward hooks for the letters l and m. ДООШ ХАРСАН ЭВЭР downward hook. ДЭЭШ ХАРСАН ЭВЭР upward hook. ЗАВЖ corners of the mouth / the wedge-shaped stroke for the letter s. СЭРЭЭ 1.1.fork. АЦ (fork!) ... СОЁО 1.tusk, fang, caninetooth, eyetooth. ---- ИНХЛЭГ "бага ~"; the final detached n, "их ~" the ligature ng. АНГАРХАЙ gap, crevice, opening. БИТҮҮ closed. БИТУУ ҮСЭГ closed letters such as b???? ШАВЖ the left-facing hook at the foot of certain letters such as о or u in final position in Mongol script. АГШЛАГА the back-series letter g. ЗАДГАЙ open, exposed. "~ ҮЗЭГ" open letters of Mongol Script such as a, e.
᠊᠊	'[...]' / гол gol / ᠭᠣᠤᠯ γoul	'axle, fuse, river'
ᠵ‍	'[...]' / эмийн тэмдэг emiin temdeg / ᠡᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ em‑ün temdeg
ᠶ‍	'[...]' / дээш эвэртэй шилбэ deesh evertei shilbe / ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ degegsi ebertei silbi	'horns above'
ᠸ‍	'[...]' / доош эвэртэй шилбэ doosh evertei shilbe / ᠳᠣᠭᠤᠭᠰᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ doγuγsi ebertü silbi	'horns down'
	'[...]' / этгэр шилбэ etger shilbe / ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ eteger silbi
ᠶ‍	'[...]' / эртгэр шилбэ ertger shilbe / ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ erteger silbi	'spines'
	'[...]' / ятгар шилбэ yatgar shilbe / ᠶᠠᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ yatuγar silbi	'persuasive shin'
ᠷ‍	'[...]' / эрвээлжит шилбэ erveeljit shilbe / ᠡᠷᠪᠡᠭᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ erbegelǰin silbi
‍᠊ᠣ‍	'[...]' / битүү bitüü / ᠪᠢᠲᠡᠭᠦ bitegü	'closure'
	'[...]' / гогцоо gogtsoo / ᠭᠣᠭᠴᠤᠭᠠ γoγčuγa	'hanger, turban'
‍ᠳ‍	'[...]' / ходоод khodood / ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠭᠤᠳᠤ qoduγudu	'stomach, inside'
‍ᠳ	'[...]' / бага ходоод baga khodood / ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠭᠤᠳᠤ baγa qoduγudu	'small stomach'
ᠲ‍	'[...]' / их ходоод ikh khodood / ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠭᠤᠳᠤ yeke qoduγudu	'great stomach'
‍᠊ᠮ‍	'[...]' / доош эвэр doosh ever / ᠳᠣᠭᠤᠭᠰᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠷ doγuγsi eber🚩	'horn down'
‍᠊ᠯ‍	'[...]' / дээш эвэр deesh ever / ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠷ degegsi eber🚩	'horn up?'
ᠬ	'[...]' / хагархай толгой khagarkhai tolgoi / ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠢ qaγarqai toluγai	'broken head'
	'[...]' / ангархай толгой angarkhai tolgoi / ᠠᠩᠠᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠢ angarqai toluγai	'slit head'
‍᠊ᠹ‍	Flaglet, tuft / зартиг zartig / ᠵᠠᠷᠲᠢᠭ ǰartiγ / Tibetan: འཇར་ཋིག།??, Wylie: 'jar-thig
‍ᠽ‍
‍ᠢ	'[...]' / агсвар agsvar / ᠠᠭᠰᠠᠪᠤᠷ aγsabur
‍ᠵ‍	'[...]' / эрүү erüü / ᠡᠷᠡᠦ ereü	'chin, jaw'
‍ᠴ‍
‍᠊ᠰ‍	'[...]' / арын са aryn sa / ᠠᠷᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠ aru‑yin sa	'back sa'
	'[...]' / өврийн са övriin sa / ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠠ öbür‑ün sa

Components 3

Components (зурлага)
Small right flourish? (Бага орхиц Baga orhits / ᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠴᠠ baγ-a orkiča)❓
Left flourish (/ leach)❓ (Урагшлах uragshlakh / ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ uruγsilaγ-a)❓
⟨⟩ Leash^, Disjoined flourish Цацлага tsatslaga / ᠴᠠᠴᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ čačulγ-a
CLAW Хумс khums / ᠬᠢᠮᠤᠰᠤ kimusu
TABLE FORK, PICHFORK, TRIDENT (Сэрээ Seree / ᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡ serege)
Upturned tail? BRISTLING (Эрвэгэр сүүл erveger süül / ᠡᠷᠪᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ erbeger segül)
⦿ Flame^ ⦿ ТариаТариа taria / ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ tariy-a 'grain' ⦿ Битүү bitüü / ᠪᠢᠲᠡᠭᠦᠦ bitegüü 'closed, shut, sealed'
Short tail, Hook^ Одой сүүл odoi süül❓ / ᠣᠳᠤᠢ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ odui segül

(ᠮᠣᠩ
ᠪᠢᠴ) #Writing styles

?

ᠡᠪᠬᠡᠮᠡᠯ ebkemel 'wrapped, folded' script (эвхмэл бичиг evkhmel bichig)

Writing styles

As exemplified in this section, the shapes of glyphs may vary widely between different styles of writing and choice of medium with which to produce them. The development of written Mongolian can be divided into the three periods of pre-classical (beginning – 17th century), classical (16/17th century – 20th century), and modern (20th century onward):

Rounded letterforms

• Rounded letterforms tend to be more prevalent with handwritten styles (compare printed and handwritten arban 'ten').

Tail

• Final letterforms with a right-pointing tail (such as those of a, e, n, q, γ, m, l, s, š, and d) may have the notch preceding it in printed form, written in a span between two extremes: from as a more or less tapered point, to a fully rounded curve in handwriting.
• The long final tails of a, e, n, and d in the texts of pre-classical Mongolian can become elongated vertically to fill up the remainder of a line. Such tails are used consistently for these letters in the earliest 13th to 15th century Uyghur Mongolian style of texts.

Yodh

• A hooked form of yodh was borrowed from the Manchu alphabet in the 19th century to distinguish initial y from ǰ. The handwritten form of final-shaped yodh (i, ǰ, y), can be greatly shortened in comparison with its initial and medial forms.

'Crook' with upturn at the end.

Diacritics

• The definite status or function of diacritics was not established prior to classical Mongolian. As such, the dotted letters n, γ, and š, can be found sporadically dotted or altogether lacking them. Additionally, both q and γ could be (double-)dotted to identify them regardless of their sound values. Final dotted n is also found in modern Mongolian words. Any diacritical dots of γ and n can be offset downward from their respective letters (as in ᠭᠣᠣᠯ γool and ᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ^⟨?⟩ gün‑i).

Bow

• When a bow-shaped consonant is followed by a vowel in Uyghur style text, said bow can be found to notably overlap it (see bi). A final b has, in its final pre-modern form, a bow-less final form as opposed to the common modern one:

čaγšbd. čaγšabad 'vow'.

čiγšabd 'monastic vow'

The word čiγšabd in a Uyghur Mongolian style: exemplifying a dotted syllable-final γ, and a final bd ligature.

Gimel-heth and kaph

• As in kü, köke, ǰüg and separated a/e, two teeth can also make up the top-left part of a kaph (k/g) or aleph (a/e) in pre-classical texts. In back-vocalic words of Uyghur Mongolian, qi was used in place of ki, and can therefore be used to identify this stage of the written language. An example of this appears in the suffix ‑taqi/‑daqi.

Hooked resh (X Ligatures X)

• The letter L (hooked resh) forms a ligature with a preceding bow-shaped letter, as in / bilig 'intellect', or / bolai̯ 'is'. In pre-modern Written Mongol, ML (᠊ᠮᠯ‍) forms a ligature, as in / [ayaγ‑q‑a] tegimlig 'worthy of respect; reverend'.

Block‑printed		Pen-written form	Modern brush‑​written​ form	Trans­lit­er­a­tion(s) & 'trans­la­tion'
Uyghur Mong. form	semi-modern forms
				sedkil 'thought'

As an example, a shin may form part of every letter in ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ǰüil (зүйл züil) 'kind, species, sort, category'.

Short tail

• A pre-modern variant form for final s appears in the shape of a short final n ⟨‍ᠰ᠋⟩, derived from Old Uyghur zayin (𐽴). It tended to be replaced by the mouth-shaped form and is no longer used. An early example of it is found in the name of Gengis Khan on the Stele of Yisüngge: ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ᠋ Činggis. A zayin-shaped final can also appear as part of final m and γ.

Zain (short tail).

Zain in ulus on early coins of the Mongolian People's Republic.

z

Taw and lamedh

• Initial taw (t/d) can, akin to final mem (m), be found written quite explicitly loopy (as in nom 'book' and toli 'mirror'). The lamedh (t or d) may appear simply as an oval loop or looped shin, or as more angular, with an either closed or open counter (as in ‑daki/‑deki or ‑dur/‑dür). As in metü, a Uyghur style word-medial t can sometimes be written with the pre-consonantal (taw) form otherwise used for d. Taw was applied to both initial t and d from the outset of the script's adoption. This was done in imitation of Old Uyghur which, however, had lacked the phoneme d in this position.

Tsade

• Following the late classical Mongolian orthography of the 17th and 18th centuries, a smooth and angular tsade (‍ᠵ‍ and ᠴ) has come to represent ǰ and č respectively. The tsade before this was used for both these phonemes, regardless of graphical variants, as no ǰ had existed in Old Uyghur:

Resh

• As in sara and ‑dur/‑dür, a resh (of r, and sometimes of l) can appear as two teeth or crossed shins; adjacent, angled, attached to a shin and/or overlapping.

Writing styles

Pen-written forms
	<arban> 'ten'
	‑ača/​‑eče
	‑un/​‑ün
	‑ud/​‑üd
	<ba> 'and' ba 'and; we'
	‑i
	‑yi
	‑yin
	<sayin> 'good' sain
	yeke 'large, great'
	‑u/​‑ü
	<bi> 'I'bi 'I'	??
	ab (intensifying particle)
	‑a/​‑e
	‑luγ‑a
	kü (emphatic particle)
	köke 'blue'
	köge 'soot'
	ǰüg 'direction, side'
	es(‑)e 'not, no', (negation)	<ese>!!
	<ulus> 'state'
	nom 'belief, doctrine, religion'	??
	<čaγ> 'time'
_uu _üü
X toli X	toli 'mirror'
	‑daki/‑deki
	‑tur/​‑tür
	‑dur/​‑dür
	metü postposition, 'like'
	čečeg 'flower'
	qačar/γaǰar 'cheek/place' <γaǰar> 'country'
	<sara> 'moon, month' sara(n) 'moon, month'	<sara>or<sar-a>!!

(ᠮᠣᠩ
ᠪᠢᠴ) #Punctuation

Abbreviations

ᠰ‍ ‍ᠰ‍ ‍ᠰ‍ ‍ᠷ s s s r 'ussr'.

Word-break

Shaping when word breaking^

Cyrillic punctuation

wikt:category:mn:Punctuation marks

Modern

︱︔︕·~ ※ （᠁） ︵᠁︶ 〈᠁〉 ︿᠁﹀ 〔᠁〕 ﹇᠁﹈ 《᠁》 ︽᠁︾ ⁈ ⁉

(ᠮᠣᠩ
ᠪᠢᠴ) #Numerals

Ref image

Greatest Common Divisor = 2

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0
᠑	᠒	᠓	᠔	᠕	᠖	᠗	᠘	᠙	᠐

Written across the line

Mozilla > text-combine-upright > Browser compatibility w3 > vertical text

Tate-chū-yoko, Horizontal-in-vertical text, or vertical text with embedded horizontal text.

ᠨᠢᠭᠡ᠂ ᠒᠂ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ᠃
ᠠᠷᠪᠠ᠂ ᠒᠐᠂ ᠭᠤᠴᠢ᠃
ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠵᠠᠭᠤ᠂ ᠒᠐᠐᠂
ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤ ᠁ ᠒᠐᠐᠐ ᠁

(ᠮᠣᠩ
ᠪᠢᠴ) #Unicode

Mongolian script#Rendering issues

Table cells with characters within angle brackets ⟨ᠠ⟩ represents the correct appearance where rendering errors otherwise might occur with certain typefaces or platforms.

...

The correct separated glyphs after mvs and nnbsp appears to not render properly with Webkit browsers (Chrome/Opera) on Android devices (should appear left-swung).

...

Final letterforms with a right-pointing tail (as in those of letters a, e, n, q, γ, m, l, s, š, and d) may have the distinct left-pointing notch preceding it in printed form, instead written as a less tapering or even fully rounded curve in handwriting.

(ᠮᠣᠩ) MIX

Vanchinbalyn Injinash:

ᠸᠠᠩᠴᠢᠨᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ
ᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨᠤᠰᠢ wangčinbal-un inǰinusi

• Transliteration
  • ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ → mongγol
  • монгол ↔ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
• https://contrastchecker.com/
  • PowderBlueField
  • GoldField

⟨Angbr⟩

• ᠤᠤ uu^⟨u⟩?
• ᠾᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ h⟨a‑a⟩
• ᠾᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ ha‑a^?
• ᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ aγ‑a^?
• ᠤᠤ uu^⟨?⟩
• ᠤᠤ uu^⟨?⟩

Superimposing -a/e

Template:Superimpose

‍ᠮ᠎ᠠ^⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩

rrr
⟨ ⟩ bbb
⟨ ⟩ bbb

https://bricampgomez.com/blog/how-to-overlap-images-in-css/

n-a

⟨⟩aaa

BBB

⟨‍ᠨ᠋⟩aaa

Qutlugh

copy 1

copy 2

Line19, bump4 onward

Arabic:

Line19, bump4

بزینک ڛنورعال بولوب ترخان بُولُب

Line20, bump4/crease

توُرڛوُن تِیدِیمیز بو کون دین اِیلکازو قِیرم

Line21, flat/crease

...

Line22, bump5

کنت نینک جواریندا بورُونخی زمان دین

Line23

بِیُو متجدز ترقان بولعان ایندِرجی ڛلاڛی

Line24, crease

...

Line25, bump6

اوغلان لر(...) اِیاکی حاحی محمد وً محمود

Line26, bump6

نی ازاد ترظبو بولپن بوار (...) یِر ڛُو

Line27, underside

...

Books

Grønbech1993

• ǰarliγ bolorun "commanding, declaiming" (of royal personages, 'saying')
• "It ends in - ( u ) run / - ( ü ) rün . ögülerün ( thus ) saying asayurun inquiring ( as follows ) Jarliy bolurun commanding , declaiming ( of royal personages , ' saying ' )"
• a (vocative particle)
• "Vocabulary 6 a vocative particle žarliy decree , order , edict abači- to lead , conduct away žarliy bol- to command , proabayai master ( address to supclaim ; of a royal figure , to erior ) , sire say ..."
• "order , command (of a superior ) ; decree"
• vocative particles: a, ai
• "When the interrogative particle u is added , bui becomes buyu , and thus coincides with the emphatic form buyu ."

Poppe1974

• -a/-e = "the old dative suffix"
• γuu-a-da 'nicely, beautifully' (suffix -da/-de) < γuu-a 'nice, beautiful'
• door-a 'below'

Terminology

таталган бичиг 'cursive script'

жалжгар ᠠᠯᠵᠢᠭᠠᠷ

Яатгар eg: яатгар хамарт ᠶᠠᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷ

аяга тахимлаг

Spacing: AAA BBB CCC

Typefaces

National University of Mongolia dictionary+font: http://dict.num.edu.mn/

University of Inner Mongolia fonts: http://oyun.mglip.com/mongolfont/index.aspx

(ᠮᠣᠩ) Suffixes

Suffix-suffix-suffix

ᠡᠮ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ em‑e‑tei‑ben 'together with his own wife'.

ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠ bolor‑un‑a (genitive-dative-locative).

ᠠᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠯᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ aq‑a‑luγ‑a‑ban.

ᠪᠯᠠᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠳ blam‑a‑nar‑ud 'lamas' ("a word can take more than one plural suffix").

• ügei gerel tegüsügsen-iyer tunumal dörben bilig-luγ-a tegüsügsen.

• bilig-luγ-a tegüsügsen 'perfect with wisdom'. ... nom-dur tegüsügsen nom-iyar olqui 'perfect with the teaching and with the help of teaching he atttained [good morals]'.

• The Bodhicaryāvatāra: öber-ün erdem-üd-iyer-iyen sedkis-i.
  • http://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/monght/images/monght011_157v.jpg

Separated suffixes "Poppe1974" pp 69–89

cf. = confer

• • -ta/-te suffix.
  • tu(dur), -tu/-tü suffix.
  • tur.
  • tü(dur), tü(tu, tai).

A	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☑	-a (dative-locative)
☐	-a(½) "vocative" (interjection)
☐	-AI (genitive)
☑	-ača (ablative)
☑	-ačaγan (ablative)
E	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☐	-e(½) (dative-locative)
☐	-e? "vocative" (interjection)
☑	-eče (ablative)
☑	-ečegen (reflexive-possessive-ablative)
I	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☑	-i (accusative)
☑	-iyar (instrumental)
☑	-iyer (instrumental)
☑	-iyan (genitive, reflexive-possessive, accusative)
☑	-iyen (genitive, reflexive-possessive, accusative)
U	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☑	-u (genitive)
☑	-un (genitive)
☐	-ud(½) (plural)
☐	-uruγu?
☐	-UBEN
Ü	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☑	-ü (genitive)
☑	-ün (genitive)
☐	-ügei?
☐	-üd(½) (plural)
☐	-ÜBEN
N	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☑	-nar (plural)
☐	-ner (plural)
☐	NI
☑	-nuγud (plural)
☑	-nügüd (plural)
B	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☑	-ban (reflexive-possessive, accusative?, ablative?)
☑	-ben (reflexive-possessive, accusative?, ablative?)
☑	-bar (instrumental)
☑	-ber (instrumental)
K	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☑	-ki (case-bound possession)
☐	-kin (case-bound possession)
G	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☐	-GI non-classical colloquial (accusative)
☐	-GIYIN colloquial (genitive)
M	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☐	MINI (personal possessive?)
☐	MINU (personal possessive?)
L	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☐	-LAR/-LER non-classical (comitative-instrumental)
☑	-luγ-a (comitative)
☑	-lüge (comitative)
T	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☐	-ta non-classical (dative-locative)
☐	-te non-classical (dative-locative)
☑	-ta (multiplicative)
☑	-te (multiplicative)
☑	-tača mainly pre-classical (dative-locative + ablative)
☑	-teče mainly pre-classical (dative-locative + ablative)
☑	-taki
☑	-teki
☑	-tai (comitative)
☑	-tei (comitative)
☑	-taγan (dative-locative)
☑	-tegen (dative-locative)
☐	-tayiγan (reflexive+comitative)
☐	-teyigen (reflexive+comitative)
☑	-tu non-classical (dative-locative)
☑	-tü non-classical (dative-locative)
☑	-tur (dative-locative)
☑	-tür (dative-locative)
D	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☐	-da non-classical (dative-locative)
☐	-de non-classical (dative-locative)
☑	-dača mainly pre-classical (dative-locative + ablative)
☑	-deče mainly pre-classical (dative-locative + ablative)
☑	-daki
☑	-deki
☐	-daγ (regular action)
☐	-deg (regular action)
☑	-daγan (dative-locative)
☑	-degen (dative-locative)
☑	-duγar (ordinal)
☑	-düger (ordinal)
☑	-du non-classical (dative-locative)
☑	-dü non-classical (dative-locative)
☑	-dur (dative-locative)
☑	-dür (dative-locative)
Č	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☐	-ČA pre-classical (ablative)
☐	-ČE pre-classical (ablative)
☐	-ČI (personal possessive)
Y	-suffix	Poppe	Lessing	Skorodumova
☑	-yi (accusative)
☐	-YIGI non-classical colloquial (accusative)
☑	-yin (genitive)
☑	-yuγan (genitive, reflexive-possessive accusative)
☑	-yügen (genitive, reflexive-possessive accusative)

(ᠮᠣᠩ) Suffixes > Homoglyphs

• ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ügei 'no'. &  ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ‑ügei suffix. ● ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ uruγu 'into, to, towards'. &  ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ‑uruγu suffix. ● ᠯᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ luγ‑a 'similar to, as, like'. &  ᠯᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ‑luγ‑a suffix. ● ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠨ tayiγan 'eunuch, wether, castrate'. &  ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠨ ‑tayiγan suffix.

(ᠮᠣᠩ) Inscriptions

nscriptions, manuscripts, or printed texts in 'Phags-pa or Mongolian script.

Mongolian language inscriptionsMongolian

Image	Title	Year	Script	Ref
	Stele of Yisüngge / Чингисийн чулууны бичиг 'Stone of Chinggis Khaan'	1224/1225-70	Mongolian
	Edict of Töregene, Purple Subtlety Palace (Ziwei Gong 紫微宫), Mount Wangwu [4]	1240	Mongolian
	Edict of Möngke Khan	1257	Mongolian
	Edict of Kublai Khan, Shaolin Monastery	1261	Mongolian
	Edict of Kublai Khan 2, Shaolin Monastery	1268	Mongolian
	Juyongguan inscription	1345	'Phags-pa
	Rock Inscription of Tsogt Taij	1624	Mongolian
	Epitaph/inscription in memory of Chang Yingrui (張應瑞 Zhāng Yìngruì)	1335	Sino-Mongolian
			Mongolian
[5]	Inscription in memory of Jigüntei	1338	Mongolian
	Inscription of Arug, prince of Yunnan	1340	Mongolian
	興元閣 Xīngyuángé inscription	1346	Mongolian
	Inscription of the buddhist shrine in Karakorum	1346	Mongolian
	Prince Hümegei's inscription	1348	Mongolian
	Inscription in memory of prince Hindu	1368	Mongolian
	The Sino-Mongolian Edict of 1453, Topkapi palace(ref!)	1453	(Sino-?)Mongolian
	Mount Wutai monasteries inscriptions		Mongolian
	Arǰai Grotto inscriptions		Mongolian

• Stone inscriptions at Karakorum (early 14th century) / Cleaves: "The Sino-Mongolian Inscription of 1346"/1347.
• The 'Phags-pa buddhist dedicatory inscription at Цагаан хэрмийн (Цавчаал боомт)-ын хаалга Tsavchaal Boomt, the Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass (1345)

• An edict of Ögedei (1240).
• Edict of Güyüg with the Imperial Seal of the Mongols on a letter to the Pope (1246),
• Subashid sutra (1290s)
• The Book of Filial Piety (1307),
• New Testament and Psalms translated by Giovanni da Montecorvino (1310s, now lost)
• A book on sacrifice to the Big Dipper(1330s)
• The edicts of the Yuan Emperors: from Qubilai Khan to Togontemür (1277–1368)

(ᠮᠣᠩ) Mongolian literature

nscriptions, manuscripts, or printed texts in 'Phags-pa or Mongolian script.

• Poems and epics, like a poem of Muhammad al-Samarqandi (1290s).
• Dictionaries: "mongγol nanggiyad üsüg-ün toli bičig" (蒙漢字典) published in 1928 @ http://www.cneas.tohoku.ac.jp/staff/hkuri/articles/a62houkoku14.pdf, The Pentaglot Dictionary (1794?).
• the Golden Light Sutra in mongolian (1330s),
  • link
• Ere koyar jagal (“The Two Dappled Steeds”)

• Зүрхэн толт(!)ын тайлбар огторгуйн маани ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ Jirüken-ü tolta-yin tayilburi oγtarγui-yin mani kemekü sudur orosibai, Mongγol kele-sinjilel-ün durasqaltu bičig-üd
  • link 1, and link 2
  • link 3, and link 4, and image
• Mongolian Golden Kanjur Fragments in the Collection of the IOM, RAS: http://www.academia.edu/23387384/Mongolian_Golden_Kanjur_Fragments_in_the_Collection_of_the_IOM_RAS

• Brush-written novel
• Manuscripts on Birch Bark from Xarbuxyn Balgas in the Collection of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences
• Turpan manuscripts
• Dunhuang manuscripts
• Writings unearthed at Turfan (early 14th century?).

• Translations of the Classic of Filial Piety (Achlalt Nom, 1307), Golden Light Sutra (Altangerel, 1330s) into mongolian, Diamond Sutra (Yeke kölgen sudur, 19th century)
• A 19th century illustrated manuscript with the Legend of Molon Toyin (Maudgalyāyana).
• Subhāṣitaratnanidhi / ས་སྐྱ་ལེགས་བཤད་ Sa-Skya legs-bshad / "Elegant Sayings of Sakya Pandita", "A Tibetan Treasury of Aphorisms"/ Эрдэнийн сан Субашид Erdeni-yin Sang, translated by Sonom Gara.

Mongolian language literatureMongolian

Image	Title	Year	Script	Ref
	The Secret History of the Mongols	1228	Mongolian, Sino-Mongolian
	Mahakali hymn	1305 / early 14th century	Mongolian
	Altan debter 'Golden Book'	n/a
	'Record of the Campaigns Led Personally by the Holy Brave Emperor'	n/a	Chinese translation
[6]	Birch bark manuscripts of the Golden Horde, and also of others found in Mongolia.	1240s?	Mongolian
	Abaga's letter	1267/89
	Argun's letter to Philippe le Bel	1289
	Argun's letter to Pope Nicholas IV	1290
	Qasan's letter to Pope Bonifacius VIII	1302
	Öljeitü's letter to Philippe le Bel	1305
	Bodhisaduva-nar-un yabudal-dur oroqui	1305
	Translation of the Book of Filial Piety (¿Achlalt Nom?)	1307
	The Mongol Bodhicaryāvatāra 'The Journey to Enlightment' xylograph with commentary by Chosgi Odser	1312	Mongolian
	Il-Khan Busayid edict	1320	Mongolian
	Kebek edict	1326	Mongolian
	Banzragch sutra (¿Pancharaksha Sutra?)	early 14th century
	Hua–Yi yiyu	1389	Sino-Mongolian
	Muqaddimat al-adab	14th century	Arabic Mongolian
	The Alexander Romance manuscript fragments	14th century	Mongolian
	Makhagaliin Magtaal / Praise of Mahakala	14th century	Mongolian
	Altan Khans letter	1580	Mongolian
	Ming dynasty edicts	15th century	Mongolian
	Шар тууж Yellow story	17th century
	Altan tobchi 'Golden Summary' Remarks on the Cinggis Qaghan-u Altan Tobci	17th century	Mongolian
	Болор толь Bolor toli
	Köke sudur Köke sudur
	Erdeni tunumal neretü sudur orusiba
	Erdeniin Tobchi
	Bolor erike

Literature, mix

• Mongolian Golden Kanjur Fragments in the Collection of the IOM, RAS: http://www.academia.edu/23387384/Mongolian_Golden_Kanjur_Fragments_in_the_Collection_of_the_IOM_RAS

• Manuscripts on Birch Bark from Xarbuxyn Balgas in the Collection of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences
• Turpan manuscripts
• Dunhuang manuscripts

• Translations of the Classic of Filial Piety (Achlalt Nom, 1307), Golden Light Sutra (Altangerel, 1330s) into mongolian, Diamond Sutra (Yeke kölgen sudur, 19th century)

• Subhāṣitaratnanidhi / ས་སྐྱ་ལེགས་བཤད་ Sa-Skya legs-bshad / "Elegant Sayings of Sakya Pandita", "A Tibetan Treasury of Aphorisms"/ Эрдэнийн сан Субашид Erdeni-yin Sang, translated by Sonom Gara.

• Stone inscription(s?) at Karakorum.

• Writings unearthed at Turfan (early 14th century?).

• A 19th century illustrated manuscript with the Legend of Molon Toyin (Maudgalyāyana).

(ᠮᠣᠩ) References

• IN USE
  • ● (gray) = not begun updating.
  • ● (yellow) = updating in progress.
  • 🢂 (green) = updated (i.e in the standard order).
• UN-USED
  • ? = maybe?
  • – = definately!

CITE WEB/JOURNAL (SCRIPT–A–W–GALIK–MULTIGRAPHS)

Template:Cite web

• 🤖🤖<ref name="...">{{Cite web |1last= |2first= |3last2= |4first2= |5date= |6year= |7title= |8url= |9access-date= |Xwebsite= |XIpublisher= |XIIlanguage=}}🤖🤖(auto)

Template:Cite techreport

• 🤖🤖<ref name="...">{{Cite techreport |title= |url= |date= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |website= |institution=}}</ref>🤖🤖(auto)

🞮 🢂 BabelStone

🞮 🢂1/2 MnToli

🞮 🢂2/2 MnToli

🞮 🢂

🞮 🢂1/3 EKIMn2006 — Mongolian transliterations

🞮 🢂2/3 EKIMn2006 — Mongolian transliterations

🞮 🢂3/3 EKIMn2006 — Mongolian transliterations

🞮 🢂 (Techreport 2017)

🞮 🢂1/2 CJVLang2013

🞮 🢂2/2 CJVLang2013

🞮 🢂1/2 StudyMn2013

🞮 🢂2/2 StudyMn2013

🞮 🢂1/2 Biligsaikhan2011 — A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts

🞮 🢂2/2 Biligsaikhan2011 — A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts

🞮 🢂 EKIMn2015

🞮 🢂 EKIMn2015

🞮 🢂

🞮 🢂1/2 Report170(1999) — UNU/IIST Report No. 170 (✱Sa (Mongolic)✱)

🞮 🢂2/2 Report170(1999) — UNU/IIST Report No. 170 (✱Sa (Mongolic)✱)

🞮 🢂1/3 [...] — Keyboard layout

🞮 🢂2/3 [...] — Keyboard layout (*where* is there a need for repeted use?)

🞮 🢂3/3 [...] — Keyboard layout

🞮 🢂 LinguaMnGrammar

🞮 ● (✱E (Mongolic)✱)

🞮 🢂 (Buryat letter) (✱Cha (Mongolic)✱)

CITE WEB/JOURNAL (SCRIPT)

🤖🤖<ref name="...">{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date= |year= |title= |url= |access-date= |website= |publisher= |language=}}🤖🤖(auto)

🞮 (International Conference on ... 1998) 🢂 (International Conference on ... 1998)

🞮 Shagdarsueren2001 — Study of Mongolian Scripts 🢂 Shagdarsueren2001 — Study of Mongolian Scripts (✱No http link✱)

🞮 LinguaMnScript2011 🢂 LinguaMnScript2011

🞮 EKIMn2015

🞮 Suffixes(2017) 🢂 Suffixes(2017) "PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)" (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2017. 2017-01-15.

🞮 UCCoreSpec(2017) 🢂 UCCoreSpec(2017)

🞮

🞮

🞮 CJVLang2013 🢂 CJVLang2013

🞮 Bolorsoft2018 🞮 Bolorsoft2018

🞮

🞮

🞮 MnToli 🢂 MnToli

🞮

🞮 LinguaMnGrammar 🢂 LinguaMnGrammar

🞮

🞮

🞮

🞮

---

🞮

🞮 EKIMn2006 — Mongolian transliterations }} 🢂 EKIMn2006 — Mongolian transliterations

🞮 🢂 StudyMn2013

🞮

🞮 Tang, Didi (20 March 2020). "Mongolia abandons Soviet past by restoring alphabet". The Times. Retrieved 21 March 2020.

🞮 🢂 BabelStone

CITE BOOK

🢂 Lessing1960 — Mongolian-English Dictionary

🢂 Poppe1974 — Grammar of Written Mongolian

🢂 Grønbech1993 — An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary

🢂 Daniels1996 — The World's Writing Systems

🢂 Chiodo2000 — The Mongolian Manuscripts on Birch Bark from Xarbuxyn Balgas in the Collection of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences

🢂 Skorodumova2000 — Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык

Treasures of the Yenching

🢂 Sanders2003 — Historical Dictionary of Mongolia (Sanders)

🢂 Clauson2005 — Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics

🢂 Kara2005 — Books of the Mongolian Nomads

🢂 Svantesson2005 — The Phonology of Mongolian

🢂 Janhunen2006 — The Mongolic Languages

🢂 Baumann2008 — Divine Knowledge: Buddhist Mathematics According to the Anonymous Manual of Mongolian Astrology and Divination

🢂 ...2008 — Einführung in die mongolischen Schriften

🢂 Luvsandorj2008 — Diacritic marks in the Mongolian script and the 'darkness of confusion of letters'

🢂 Berkwitz2009 — Buddhist Manuscript Cultures: Knowledge, Ritual, and Art

🢂 Sanders2010 — Historical Dictionary of Mongolia

🢂 Janhunen2012 — Mongolian

🢂 Bawden2013 — Mongolian English Dictionary

🢂 Shepherd2013 — Learn World Calligraphy

🢂 Sanders2014 — Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners (✱Only used in Mongolian script multigraphs✱)

🢂 Sanders2015 — Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners

🢂 Unicode15ch13(2022)

(ᠮᠣᠩ) External links

• Digitales Turfan-Archiv: http://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/monght/dta_monght_index.htm
• Ishida / Mongolian forms: https://r12a.github.io/mongolian-variants/

MIX

Silo-Caves, China

• Baishe Village, Sanyuan County

А, В, Б, Г, etc

• https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Early_Cyrillic_letters_with_font_lines_in_SVG
• https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cyrillic_letters_on_5_font_lines_(serif_with_big_margin)

Azu,Vedi,Glagol,Dobro,Est,Zhivete,Zelo,Zemlia,Izhe,Izhei,Dje,Kako,Ludi,Myslete,Nash,Onu,Pokoi,Rtsi,Slovo,Tverdo,Uk,Fert,Kher,Omega,Tsi,Cherv,Sha,Back-Yer,Yery,Yer,Yat,Iotated-A,Iotated-E,Yu,Big-Yus,Iotated-Big-Yus,Yusu-Maliy,Iotated-Lesser-Yus,Ksi,Psi,Fita,Izhitsa,Koppa.

Ustav	Poluustav	Modern Cyrillic

ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵗ

Ligatures

Template:MirrorH

BOLD: Grammaire, Dialogues et Dictionnaire Touaregs by A. de Motylinski: http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/natlang/berber/tifinagh/tifinagh-basset.html

ⴱ⵿ⵜ	ⴳ⵿ⵜ	ⴶ⵿ⵜ	ⴼ⵿ⵜ	ⵀ⵿ⵜ	ⵌ⵿ⵜ	ⵍ⵿ⵜ	ⵎ⵿ⵜ	ⵎ⵿ⵀ	ⵎ⵿ⵙ
bt	gt	g't	ft	ht	z't	lt	mt	mh	ms

ⵎ⵿ⵙ		ms
ⵎ⵿ⵀ		mh
ⵎ⵿ⵜ		mt
ⵍ⵿ⵜ		lt
ⵌ⵿ⵜ		z't
ⵀ⵿ⵜ		ht
ⴼ⵿ⵜ		ft
ⴶ⵿ⵜ		g't
ⴳ⵿ⵜ		gt
ⴱ⵿ⵜ		bt

ⵏ⵿ⴴ	ⵏ⵿ⴶ	ⵏ⵿ⴸ	ⵏ⵿ⴹ	ⵏ⵿ⴼ	ⵏ⵿ⴾ	ⵏ⵿ⵀ	ⵏ⵿ⵌ	ⵏ⵿ⵗ	ⵏ⵿ⵙ
nghh	nj	ndh	ndd	nf	nk	nh	nzh	ngh	ns

ⵏ⵿ⵜ	ⵏ⵿ⵤ	ⵓ⵿ⵜ	ⵔ⵿ⵜ	ⵙ⵿ⵏ	ⵙ⵿ⵜ	ⵛ⵿ⵜ	ⵜ⵿ⵙ	ⵢ⵿ⵜ
nt	nz	ut	rt	sn	st	cht	ts	yt

Gallery

Roman / Latin

• 
  253-260 AD Gallienus#Early reign
• 
  ?
• 
• 
  Busts of Valerian (left) and Gallienus as co-regent (right)(253–258)
• 
  ca. 261 AD Gallienus#Postumus revolt
• 
  Ca 262
• 
  Head of Gallienus from a colossal statue c. 258-268 AD Gallienus#Postumus revolt
• 
  261-268 AD Gallienus#Aemilianus revolt
• 
  256–268

http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/art-search-e.htm

c:Category:Dialogues of Roman Life

Galea (helmet)

From top to bottom:

1. Weisenau type G
2. Weisenau type
3. ... type
4. Weisenau type

2

• Bronze Aquila discovered in a field near Sălcuţa, Dolj County. Now at the Museum of Oltenia, Craiova.
• Aquila at the History Museum Râmnicu Vâlcea.

• 
• 
  Probus?, Napoli, museo archeologico
• 
  Probus?, Napoli, museo archeologico
• 
  LSA-1043
• 
  LSA-1007
• 
  Flavius Palmatus. http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/, LSA-198 (R.R.R. Smith).
• 
  Leo I or Anastasius? http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=1130

3

Theodosius II

• 
  http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/, LSA-1068 (J. Lenaghan), —; http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/, LSA-1069 (J. Lenaghan).
• 
  A Roman judge, around 425-450 AD. From Aphrodisias. http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/, LSA-169 (R.R.R. Smith).
• 
  A Roman judge, around 425-450 AD. From Aphrodisias. http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/, LSA-170 (R.R.R. Smith).
• 
  http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/, LSA-763 (Ulrich Gehn).

Tetrarchy

• 
  Aurelians Temple of the Sun (Rome) in I quattro libri dell'architettura.https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2017/07/19/palladio-and-the-temple-of-the-sun-in-rome/
• 
  Ca 295–305 broken off head of a togate statue from Asia Minor
• 
  Diocletian? http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/, LSA-298 (J. Lenaghan) ^[1] or Maximian?
• 
  Diocletian?
• 
  Constantius Chlorus
• 
  Foundation of the Tetrarchy: Medallion of Diocletian and Galerius, 293
• 
  Foundation of the Tetrarchy: Constantius I and Galerius confronted in consular robes, 293
• 
  Head of Maximianus with veil (capite velato)
• 
  Maximian(?) on the Big Game Hunt mosaic, Villa Romana del Casale
• 
  Gold coin from the period 307-312, Rome. Photographed at the MAN. Double aureus by Maxentius, 308, 10.72 g. provenant du trésor de Partinico (n°153), Numismatica Ars Classica, Zurich, n°139, published on October 26, 2005.
• 
  Medallion of two aurei with head of Maxentius, Roman Imperial Period, A.D. 307–308, Mint: Italy, Rome

Constantinian dynasty

• 
• 
  325
• 
  325–330
• 
  Julian (emperor)

Maxentius

Maxentius#Discovery of Imperial insignia (three lances and four javelins )

• 
  Sceptre
• 
  Parade spearheads (lances?) (1/2)
• 
  Parade spearheads (lances?) (2/2)

• 
  Roman spatha
• 
  Apex (diacritic)

Greek minuscule

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_uncial_letters

• 
• 
  Uncial 0209
• 
  Uspenski Gospels

• 
  Papyrus (5th century 6993 d'Oxyrhynque)
• 
  Reproduction du texte écrit
• 
  Transcription

Various Greek ligatures

Ligatures
παρα παρα αὐτῷ αὐτῷ ος ος γα γα τς τς αι αι υι υι υι υι πς πς γς γς σχ σχ γν γν τοὺς τοὺς μαι μαι ται ται αι αι ασ ασ σκ σκ ππ ππ υ υ ει ει αν αν _ ϗ̀ ϗ̀ προ προ σθ_ σθ_ ῶ ῶ γί γί ου ου _ _ λλ λλ _ κὰι κὰι ψι ψι θα θα τα τα

Hebrew

• 
  Lenghtened/elonggated/stretched letters

Mongol

Book on astrology, gallery

• 
  JONON? HAT
• 
  Golden Horde manuscript on birch bark таблица IIIa (.4) & IV (.5).

• ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ
• Mongolian dollar

Devanagari, Gurmukhi, Odia script

• 
  An 1887 letter from a Tibetan Governor to a Nepali one, showing long headstrokes (ꣻ).
• 
  Illuminated Guru Granth Sahib folio with nisan (Mul Mantar) of Guru Nanak
• 
  ...
• 
  Pallava script at the 8th century Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu.

Hangul, Korean punctuation

• 
• 
  First edition of the Tongnip Sinmun newspaper.

(FLAG)

• 
  Selling Fiber Textiles, Angola, 1650s