User:OnBeyondZebrax/sandbox/History of the Jews in Ukraine

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In the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in 1030. In the name of Orthodox Christianity, the army of Cossacks and Crimean Tatars massacred and took into captivity a large number of Jews, Roman Catholics and Uniates in 1648–49.Recent estimates range from fifteen thousand to thirty thousand Jews killed or taken captive, and 300 Jewish communities totally destroyed.[1] During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in Odessa after the death of the Greek Orthodox patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first pogrom,Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).[2]

During the 1917 Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War, an estimated 31,071 Jews were killed during 1918–1920.[3] During the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–21[4]), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed during the period was between 35 and 50 thousand. Pogroms erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of Volhynia and spread to many other regions of Ukraine.[5] Massive pogroms continued until 1921.[6]

The actions of the Soviet government by 1927 led to a growing antisemitism in the area.[7] Total civilian losses during the war and German occupation in Ukraine are estimated at seven million, including over a million Jews shot and killed by the Einsatzgruppen and by their many local Ukrainian supporters in the western part of Ukraine. Ukraine had 840,000 Jews in 1959, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population declined significantly during the Cold War. In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was thirty years earlier (in 1959). The overwhelming majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 left Ukraine and moved to other countries (mostly to Israel) in the 1990s during and after the collapse of Communism.[8] Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still a problem in Ukraine.[9]

  1. ^ Paul Magocsi , A History of Ukraine, p. 350. University of Washington Press, 1996.
  2. ^ Baron 1964, 188–91.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Abramson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Serhy Yekelchyk, Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation, Oxford University Press (2007), ISBN 978-0-19-530546-3
  5. ^ Manus I. Midlarsky, The Killing Trap: genocide in the twentieth century. Published by Cambridge University Press, pg. 46–47. [1]
  6. ^ Arno Joseph Mayer, The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions. Published by Princeton University Press, pg. 516 [2]
  7. ^ Сергійчук, В. Український Крим К. 2001, p.156
  8. ^ "tab30.XLS" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-04-16.
  9. ^ Anti-Semitism in Ukraine in 2010, Human Rights Watch (7 October 2010)
    Ukraine: Treatment of ethnic minorities, including Roma; state protection, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (17 September 2012)
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