User:Paul August/Graeae

Graeae

Sources

Ancient

Aeschylus

Prometheus Bound

790–800 (pp. 530–531)

When you have crossed the stream that parts the two continents, go on towards the fiery rising of the sun, crossing a waveless sea, until you reach the land of the Gorgons, the plain of Cisthene, where the Phorcides [Φορκίδες ]⁹⁴ dwell, three ancient maidens of swan-like aspect,⁹⁵ owning an eye in common and having only a single tooth, whom neither the sun with his rays, nor the moon by night, ever looks upon; and near them their three winged sisters, the snake-tressed Gorgons, haters of humans, whom no mortal can look on and draw another breath.

⁹⁴ Also called the Graeae. Like the Gorgons, they belong to the story of Io’s descendant Perseus, who by seizing their shared eye and tooth forced them to tell him how to find the nymphs who possessed the equipment he needed to cut off Medusa’s head.

⁹⁵ Presumably meaning “white-haired” (cf. Euripides, Bacchae 1365; Aristophanes,Wasps 1064–5): the Graeae were whitehaired from birth (Hesiod, Theogony 271).

Ovid

Metamorphoses

4.743

On them he laid Medusa's awful face,

daughter of Phorcys [Phorcynidos];

4.776

“There is a spot beneath cold Atlas, where

in bulwarks of enormous strength, to guard

its rocky entrance, dwelt two sisters, born

of Phorcys [Phorcidas]. These were wont to share in turn

a single eye between them:

5.230

He spoke, and moved Medusa [Phorcynida] that side

Hyginus

Fabulae

Preface

From Phorcus and Ceto: Phorcides Pemphredo, Enyo and Persis (for this last others say Dino)

Apollodorus

1.2.6

And to Sea (Pontus) and Earth were born Phorcus, Thaumas, Nereus, Eurybia, and Ceto.¹ Now to Thaumas and Electra were born Iris and the Harpies, Aello and Ocypete;² and to Phorcus and Ceto were born the Phorcides and Gorgons,³ of whom we shall speak when we treat of Perseus.

1 As to the offspring of Sea （ Pontus, conceived as masculine） and Earth （conceived as feminine）, see Hes. Th. 233ff.; Hyginus, Fab. p. 28, ed. Bunte.

2 As to the offspring of Thaumas and Electra, see Hes. Th. 265ff.

3 As to the parentage of the Phorcides and Gorgons, see Hes. Th. 270ff.; Hyginus, Fab. p. 29, ed. Bunte. As to the monsters themselves, see Apollod. 2.4.2ff.

Modern

Grimal

p. 175

Graeae (Γραῖαι) The 'Old Women' who had never been young, and were born old. Their parents were Phorcys and Ceto (hence the name Phorcides by which they were sometimes known),

Rose, Carol

p. 292

PHORCIDES, PHORCYDES,

PHORCYNES, PHORCYNIS

This an alternate name for the hags called the Graeae, sisters to the Gorgons, in the classical mythology of Greece and Rome.

Smith

"Phorcides"

(*Forki/des), PHORCYDES, or PHORCYNIDES, that is, the daughters of Phorcus and Ceto, or the Gorgons and Graeae. (Aeschyl. Prom. 794; Ov. Met. 4.742, 774, 5.230 ; Hygin. Fab. Praef. p. 9; comp. GORGON and GRAEAE.)

Gorgo

and GO'RGONES (Γοργώ and Γόργονες). Homer knows only one Gorgo, who, according to the Odyssey (11.633)), was one of the frightful phantoms in Hades: in the Iliad (5.741, 8.349, 11.36; comp. Verg. A. 6.289), the Aegis of Athena contains the head of Gorgo, the terror of her enemies. Euripides (Eur. Ion 989) still speaks of only one Gorgo, although Hesiod (Theoy. 278) had mentioned three Gorgones, the daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, whence they are sometimes called Phorcydes or Phorcides. (Aeschyl. Prom. 793, 797; Pind. P. 12.24; Ov. Met. 5.230.)

Hansen

p. 158

[the Gorgons] sisters the Graiai (Old Women), or Phorkides (daughters of Phorkys), are ...

Sommerstein

p. 260

ΦΟΡΚΙΔΕΣ

The Phorcides (daughters of Phorcys), or Graeae (“old women”), were significant secondary figures in the story of Perseus and the Gorgon’s head; their most famous characteristic was that they had only one eye and one tooth between the three of them, so that Perseus by stealing the eye and tooth was able to render them helpless. In one common version of the myth, presented for example by Aeschylus’ contemporary Pherecydes (fr. 11 Fowler), he thereby forced them to tell him how to find the nymphs (waternymphs [naiads] according to the inscription on one sixthcentury vase painting [ LIMC Perseus 88]) who possessed the winged sandals and cap of invisibility that he needed in order to get near the Gorgon Medusa, and the bag (kibisis) in which to put her head. In this account there is a wide gap in space and time between the Graeae and the Gorgons themselves; Aeschylus, as we learn from [Eratosthenes], Catasterisms 22 (= Aeschylus fr. 262), closed this gap—doubtless for dramatic convenience—by making the Graeae “sentinels” to the Gorgons. Perseus seized their eye while one of them was handing it to another, threw it into [cont.]

Sommerstein, p. 261

PHORCIDES

[cont. from p. 260] Lake Tritonis (this detail tells us the geographical setting of the play), and so was able to get past them, find the Gorgons asleep, and cut off Medusa’s head. These exploits were apparently reported by a third party in what must have been a long and elaborate messenger-speech (cf. fr. 261), presumably to the chorus (which perhaps consisted of nymphs of the lake, friendly to Perseus—cf. above).

This play is assigned by Aristotle, Poetics 1456a2–3, to the same subcategory of tragedy as Prometheus and “all those plays set in Hades”; unfortunately textual corruption has left it uncertain how he defined this category. It may have been produced together with Polydectes and the satyr-play Net-Haulers (qq.v.), though no other related play can be identified that would complete a tetralogy. There are some slight indications that this production came rather late in Aeschylus’ career.

Recent discussions: J. H. Oakley, “Perseus, the Graiai, and Aeschylus’ Phorkides”, AJA 92 (1988) 383–391; Gantz 304–6; S. E. Goins, “The date of Aeschylus’ Perseus tetralogy”, RhM 140 (1997) 193–210.