User:Pengo/ee

Open courseware 2[edit]

The Fourier Transforms and Its Applications by Stanford University
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=B24BC7956EE040CD
Next: Lecture 6

Notes:

F. Transform = non-periodic. Series = peroidic
repeating in time = frequency, in space = period. (come together in wave motion)
freq=nu (v)
wavelength=lambda (λ)
velocity (V) = nu*lambda,
periodization of a signal (signal periodization), fixed period
period 1: f(t+1) = f(t). sin(2pi t)
one period, many frequencies
Equations: Turn trigonometric sum (sines and cosines) into complex exponentials: Euler's_formula#Relationship_to_trigonometry
Equations: Fourier Transform#Definition
Pointwise convergence, Uniform convergence, Convergence in the mean (Convergence of random variables#Convergence_in_mean, or convergence in energy (engineering), or mean square convergence), least squares approximation
Jump discontinuity - converges to average (middle of jump)
Hilbert space
Rayleigh's identity
Heat equation, Diffusion equation

EE[edit]

Electrical engineering (RMIT)

Books + H/W:

Digital Fundamentals 9th Ed, Floyd (Digital fundy, wed)
Circuit Analysis: Theory And Practice & Circuit Analysis With Devices: Theory And Practice by Allan H. Robbins (Author), Wilhelm C. Miller (Author)
5 fuses for multimeter

Todo:

Battery assignment: 3 types of batteries, define primary cell, secondary cell. Possibly explore: deep cycle, discharge problems...

Ladder logic

Hardware[edit]

ICs 1:

SN74LS245N (Motorola) spec
SN74LS14N (TI) spec (next to above) IC 74HC14

ICs 2:

More:

L7805CV, 1.5A 5V Positive Voltage Regulator

Maths (Monday)[edit]

Linear equation - power of one, straight line
the quadratic equation: ax² + bx + c
- quadratic formula x = (-b ± sqtr(b² - 4ac)) / (2ac) (a ≠ 0)
- if a = 0:
- if b = 0: x = ± sqrt(-c / a) (a > 0)
- if c = 0: ax + b = 0 or x = 0
- complete the square: (a₁x+b₁)(a₂x-b₂) = 0
Trivial (mathematics). trivial solution, nontrivial solution (e.g. y = 0)
binomial formula ?
Domain and range
equations of lines
minimum (or max) of a quadratic eq.
graph of linear, quadratic, polyhedral, rational function
f(x): f of x

Some elementary algebra or arithmetic:

The following important properties of the square root functions are valid for all positive real numbers $x$ and $y$ :

{\sqrt {xy}}={\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt {y}}\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad {\sqrt {100\cdot y}}\,=\,10\cdot {\sqrt {y}}

{\sqrt {\frac {x}{y}}}={\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt {y}}}\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad {\sqrt {\frac {x}{100}}}={\frac {\sqrt {x}}{10}}

{\sqrt {x}}=x^{1/2}

Identity:

{\sqrt {x}}-{\sqrt {y}}={\frac {x-y}{{\sqrt {x}}+{\sqrt {y}}}},

When n, m, and n - m are positive (and if x is not equal to zero), one can see by counting the number of occurrences of x that

{\frac {x^{n}}{x^{m}}}=x^{n-m}.

Negative integer exponents:

a^{-1}={\frac {1}{a}}

3^{-4}={\frac {1}{3^{4}}}

.

The most important identity satisfied by integer exponentiation is:

a^{m+n}=a^{m}\cdot a^{n}

This identity has the following consequences:

{\begin{aligned}a^{m-n}&={\begin{matrix}{\frac {a^{m}}{a^{n}}}\end{matrix}};\\(a^{m})^{n}&=a^{mn};\\a^{\frac {m}{n}}&={\sqrt[{n}]{a^{m}}}.\,\end{aligned}}

Domain and range: y = f(x)

Domain, range
Domain: all x's (dependent var)
Range: all y (codomain, all corresponding values for each x in the domain)

rant

more rant bad: Colossally abundant number vs Goodstein's theorem (good). also bad: Central moment.

misc:

changing base: log_bN = log_aN × log_ba
exponential function
logarithmic function
degrees <-> radians:
- a° = aπ/180
- a°180/π = a (i think?)
distributive law: (1 + X)² = (1 + X) + X(1 + X)
Difference of squares, Difference of cubes

C[edit]

scanf

Automation (Tue)[edit]

Automation, Programmable logic controller

IEC 61131-3 (IEC61131 Common Elements)
Ladder logic cheat sheet
Instruction list ~~(to read... and this maybe)~~ read me
Fluid power symbol(s)
Graphics Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams (IEEE. 264 pages)

Omron Sysmac SYSMAC LINK C-20 (C-Series):

C-Series manual
Words: 16 bit
We use: Output: 01, 03, 05, 07, 09. Input: 00, 02, 04, 06, 08. (to make it clear for ourselves)

0000 LD  0007 (word 00, bit 07)
0001 OR  0009 
0002 OUT 0503

C-Series

Word/Bit Addresses: (6-4-1, p103): 2 bytes: address of word or flag. 1 byte: bit between 00-0F (0-15). 00 for word or flag data.... address of area + offset in BCD & bit ....

Data areas p33, also Memory Area Designations p88
Internal Relay (IR)
- ~~Words: 000 to 235. Bits: 00000 to 23515~~
- Words: 00 to 18 (bits 00 to 07).
- Used to control I/O points, other bits, timers, and counters, and to temporarily store data.
Special Relay (SR)
- ~~Words: 236 to 255. Bits: 23600 to 25507~~
- Words: 18 (bits 08 to 15) and 19 (bits 00 to 07)
- Contains system clocks, flags, control bits, and status information.
Auxiliary Relay (AR)
- ~~Words: AR 00 to AR 27. Bits: AR 00 to AR 2715~~
- Contains flags and bits for special functions. Retains status during power failure.
Data Memory DM Read/write: DM 0000 to DM 0999
- Read only: DM 1000 to DM 1999
- Used for internal data storage and manipulation.
Holding Relay HR
- ~~Words: HR 00 to HR 99. Bits: HR 0000 to HR 9915~~
- Words: HR0 to HR 9, bits: HR00 to HR915
- Used to store data and to retain the data values when the power to the PC is turned off.
Timer/Counter (TC)
- ~~TC 000 to TC 511 (TC numbers used to access other information)~~
- TC 00 to TC99
- Used to define timers and counters, and to access completion flags, PV, and SV. In general, when used as a bit operand, a TC number accesses the completion flag for the timer or counter defined using the TC number. When used as a word operand, the TC number accesses the present value of the timer or counter.
~~Link Relay (LR)~~
- ~~Words: LR 00 to LR 63 Bits: LR 0000 to 6315~~
- Available for use as work bits.
Temporary Relay (TR)
- ~~TR 00 to TR 07 (bits only)~~
- TR00 to TR07 (bits only)
- Used to temporarily store and retrieve execution conditions. These bits can only be used in the Load and Output instructions. Storing and retrieving execution conditions is necessary when programming certain types of branching ladder diagrams.
Program Memory (UM)
- ~~UM: Depends on Memory Unit used.~~
- UM:1199 words
- Contains the program executed by the CPU.

Standard instructions 3-1 p25:

AND, AND LD, AND NOT, CNT (counter), LD (load), LD NOT, OR, OR LD, OR NOT, OUT, TIM (timer), NOP, END, IL (interlock), ILC (IL clear), ~~JMP, ...~~, SFT (shift register), KEEP, DIFU (differentiate up), DIFD, TIMH (high-speed timer), CMP (compare), MOV, MVN (move not), ADD (bcd add), SUB (bcd sub), STC (set carry), CLC (clear carry).

OR, AND (0001+0003).0002

DeMorgan's Theorum
NPN - PNP switch. (PNP default) Bipolar_junction_transistor#NPN
CLR MON CLR
CLR CLR CLR SET NOT RESET MON CLR
Fluid power actuator, Actuator, Hydraulics, Solenoid valve, Solenoid
Pneumatic circuit, Pneumatic, Fluidics, Hydraulic circuit
Pneumatic circuit diagram, Hydraulic circuit diagram [1]

Digital principles (Wed)[edit]

Digital

Renewables[edit]

cyclical vs finite resource(s)
Australia: 90% fossil fuel (but may not count some renewables like lighting and heat)
Trucks on LPG?
Natural gas / LPG - minimal refining process. Engine runs hotter.
Electric jugs take too long to switch off.
Clipblock PVs (Solar roofs, solar shingle, Building-integrated photovoltaic)
Simple payback period
Discount rate
Invert tariff
rebate / incentive
Remote Area Power Supply System s (RAPSS)
Silicon wafer
Some chemicals: Silane, phosphine, boron, HCl, Hydrofluride acid (HF),
deionized water
Howard carbon policy
ASIC, CMOS
Clean room (class 100)
evacuated tube
solar hot water
electricity tariff equalisation legislation (QLD) subsidising grid extensions & diesel

Types of energy (one way of grouping):

Mechanical energy - kinetic (flywheel) or potential (spring)
Electrical energy - stored in capacitor or condenser
Electromagnetic energy - transitional
Chemical energy - fossil, battery, wood stove
Nuclear energy
Thermal energy - heat

Air Mass Air Mass Zero AM0
Stirling engine
Carnot cycle
Entropy
Boyle's law (fridges)
Passive thermal (aircon)
Gas stove, Wood stove
PMOS (impurities migrate away from junctions. Leave on to fix impurity problems)
NMOS (impurities migrate to junctions.)
CMOS - mix of PMOS, NMOS
eppley pyranometer
Electus [2] (outlet watt meter?)
Report: kWH, MJ, (Big macs?), vaccuum
Car battery: 120Ah, 12V, but max use is 12Ah. Inverter -> 240V (maybe 85% efficient?)
George Harrison (Invented compressor fridge?)
Gas fridge
Fridge efficiency improvements: clean back, change seal
Electrical ballast (lighting)
Halogen lamp = Incandescent light bulb (Luminous efficacy)
Wheatstone bridge
Oscillate
Capacitor: Phase difference (90° between V and I in capacitor)
inductance (coils)
Cannot remove from a circuit: inductance, capacitance, resistance.
Insolation (= irradiation ?) eg MJ/m² (vs Isolation or Insulation)
Irradiance = W/m²
Concentrating system (only works without clouds, which diffuse the light)
Airmass, Air mass = 1/sin(θ[sun angle from ground])) [method 1] = sqrt(1+(shadow / height)²). Assumes earth is flat.
Earth circumference, Nautical mile, millimeter vs inch
Valves in solar hot water: Diverter valve, check valve (one way valve), Break valve, restrictor valve, dump valve
absorber plate (contains pipes of channels for the fluid to be heated). Tube and fin or Sandwich construction.
selective surface (high "absorbtance", low emittance)
continuous booster element, continuous booster, booster element
Renewable energy certificates (Australia)
Clerestory window (Clerestory)
reflective foil laminate (rfl)
R value, R rating (thermal resistance) R up, R down
Solar air based space heating system, Pebble bed storage, Rock bed storage (active, air based system). fans and dampers.
Rankine cycle air-conditioning
Absorption cycle air-conditioning (lithium bromide absorption chiller s)
Maximum power point tracker (MPPT), Maximum power point
Nomogram
I/V curve for Photovoltaics [3]: Emission coefficient, Diode modelling, Boltzmann constant, Diode#Shockley_diode_equation, Emission coefficient

Circuit theory (Thurs morn)[edit]

Circuit theory

Resistor color codes
Ohm's law V=IR
Kirchoff's voltage law
fuse, blown fuse (∞ Ω) milky white (good blown fuse)
HD soldering, surface mount, unserviceable
large resistors are wire wound
preferred value(s) for resistors.
series circuit
open circuit vs short circuit
o/c when fail: resistor
s/c when fail: capacitor, semiconductor
ground
with respect to (wrt) .. for voltages
emf = electromotive force
electron flow (- to +) useful for CRTs and electron guns
conventional current flow
voltage divider rule
continuity meter (flow meter?), mega?
On a series circuit: voltage and resistance increase and decrease together. (V=IR, but I is the same.)
on a series circuit, V and R increase or descrease together. V=IR
Voltage divider rule
sum of voltage drops = supply (simplification of Kirchoff V.law)
Series circuit: P_T = P₁ + P₂ + P₃ + ... The power consumed is equal to the sum of the individual values of power dissipated.
Cigarette 3-5W disapated (per cm³?)
capacitance, capacitors
electrostatic charge vs electromagnetic charge
Unit of charge: 1 coulomb = 6.24×10¹⁸ (how do you measure columbs?)
Unit of capacitance: 1 farad. Q = CV (charge = capacitance × voltage)
dielectric material: relative permittivity or dielectric constant or εr ?
stray capacitance (between electrical wires, problem at higher freq.)
inductance (later)
TV ribbon
Tau = C x R. Capacitance (F, Farads) x Resistance (Ohms)
CR circuit
5 tau = fully charged.
1-e^(1-x) and e^(1-x)
Tau 1 = V_C = 0.6321205588...
tantalum capacitors
V_C = V_S(1 - e^(t/CR)). CR = Tau.
ε = e = ln = natural log

Electronic concepts (Thurs arvo)[edit]

3 labs
1 project (similar to lab 3): build circuit, report
2 tests

Electronics

Voltage level
Peak, Peak to peak, period or cycle
Rectified average or rectified value = average of absolute values
rms, Root Mean Square
Form factor (electronics)
Sine wave
effective value & RMS
Amplitude
Half cycle
DC level (when wave is symmetric)

Cathode ray oscilloscope (vs LCD oscilloscope)

dB:

Decibel = 10 log₁₀ Po/Pi
Gain, frequency response
dBm indicates that the reference quantity is one milliwatt

op-amp

Operational amplifier is a high gain differential amplifier
high input impedance (~∞ Ω between input pins 2, 3)
low output impedance (0 Ω for pin 6 to ground (pin4?) )
LM741, µA741
741 Datasheet: e.g. see power supply
Voltage follower, Unity follower
Isolation circuit
Summing amplifier
practical op-amp
offset voltage
phase angle, angular velocity

CMRR

Common-mode rejection ratio
LBO-518 (oscilloscope model)
UNCAL ?

Applied electricity[edit]

Applied electricity

Sources of electricity (electricity generation, #Methods of generating electricity)
ATRA conference?
3 conductor (platinum, silver, gold, copper, aluminium): is made of atoms which contain 3 or less valence electrons (loosly bonded).
5 insulator (wood, rubber, plastic, glass, ceramic, air
4 semiconductor: carbon, selenium, silicon, germanium

Electricity's parameters:

Voltage. = pressure. doesn't have to be flowing.
Current = flow, measured in amps
Resistance, (crimp, restriction, opposition)
CCA rating for car batteries, Cold Cranking Amps (e.g. 200A, 380A or 600A)
Sump (oil sinks to bottom of sump)
ignition coil (=spark coil) uses current. (see also induction coil)

Batteries

Aluminium battery (Aluminium air battery)
Lithium-ion battery
NiMH (Nickel metal hydride battery)
Carbon-zinc battery 1.5 V typically
Nickel-cadmium battery (NiCd)
Super battery
Lead acid battery
Gel cell (Gel battery)
Coconut battery

PD

Potential Difference (PD), V different from Hydrogen
electrochemical series
Standard electrode potential (data page)

misc

Alternator (14V), Car battery (12V)
Electron theory, conventional theory.. anode, cathode
Doping (semiconductor)
N-type semiconductor doped with insulator ("negatively charged")
P-type semiconductor doped with conductor (+)
NP creates a diode
semiconductor, diode, transistor

Fundamental sources of energy:

an electric current is an "orderly" movement (flow) of electrons.

misc

voltage/wattage of lightning ?
flux or magnetic lines of force
when relative motion exists between a conductor and a magnetic field, a voltage appears across the conductor and if the circuit is completed, a current is generated.
convention: rotate turbine CCW ? to give a nice sine wave?
Sine wave RMS value = Peak * 0.707. (Root Mean Square for AC)
Casio fx82
Electrolyte specific density in lead acid
Microhydro power
Solar cells ususally P-type material, but dubious exceptions are N-type (e.g. Sunpower)
emf (electromotive force
primary coil : secondary coil ratio
powerboards, fuses, etc, rated at 10A in au. 10A @ 240V = 2400W.
lighting: 1mm². 10A rating. 8A fuse.
power: 2.5mm². 10A rating. 16A fuse.
resistivity: R = ρL/A. ρ = Rho (1.72E-8 Ω for copper). L=Length, A=thickness.
Protronics tech corp, Millennium cell incorp. (ieee spectrum radio). 3 day special forces 6 pounds of batteries (=2.75kg). 12+ lithium throw away batteries for 72 hours ($1050US).
Mud brick (now 5 stars?)
Current distribution formula vs proportionality formula
[[:]] (same as. e.g. a ratio)
Pulsating DC, Filtered DC
Inductor or coil (pencil sharpener like device)
The current lags the voltage by 90deg in a pure [no resistance or capacitance] inductor.
Back emf, Back EMF vs inductive reactance (ohms), XL
Tau = C x R. Capacitance (F, Farads) x Resistance (Ohms)