User:Physis/Certain relatedness of Eskimo cultures, far from homogeneity

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NOTE! This section was removed from the article. It seems to be original research. Substantial cleanup is required if it is to be included in the article.Labongo 15:47, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Eskimo groups comprise a huge area stretching from Eastern Siberia through Alaska and Northern Canada (including Labrador Peninsula) to Greenland.

Another possible concern: do the belief systems of various Eskimo groups have such common features at all, that would justify any mentioning them together? There was no political structure above the groups, their languages were relative, but differed more or less, often forming language continuums (online [1]).


There is a certain relatedness in the cultures of the Eskimo groups[2][3][4][5][6] together with diversity, far from homogeneity.[7]

Let us see some examples from shamanism among Eskimo peoples. The Russian linguist Меновщиков, an expert of Siberian Yupik and Sireniki languages (while admitting that he is not a specialist in ethnology[8]) witnesses, that the shamanistic seances of those Siberian Yupik and Sireniki groups he has seen have many similarities to those of Greenland Inuit groups described by Nansen,[9] although a large distance separates Siberia and Greenland. Similar remarks apply for comparisons of Asiatic with North American Eskimo shamanisms.[10] Also the usage of a specific shaman's language is documented among several Eskimo groups, used mostly for talking to spirits.[11][12] Also the Ungazigmit (belonging to Siberian Yupiks) had a special allegoric usage of some expressions.[13]

Similar remarks apply for aspects of the belief system not directly linked to shamanism:

Now let us see some examples illustrating the diversity:

Tupilak[edit]

Such distant groups like Caribou Eskimos, Greenland Eskimos, Igluliks knew the concept of tupilak. [21] But the details differed:

Iglulik
The tupilak was an invisible ghost. Only the shaman could notice it. It was the soul of a dead, which became restless because the breach of some death taboo. It scared game away from the vicinity. Thus, the shaman had to help by scaring it away with a knife.[22]
Caribou Eskimo
The tupilak was also an invisible being. Like at Iglulik, also the shaman was the only one who could see it. It was a chimera-like creature, with human head and parts from different species of animals. It was dangerous, it might attack the settlement. Then, the shaman had to combat it and devour it with his/her helping spirits.[22]
Greenland
The tupilak was manifested in real, human-made object. It was made by people to the detriment of their enemies. It was a puppet-like thing, but was thought of have magical power onto the victim. It might be made e.g. of mixtured parts of dead animals, dead child.[22]

Name-soul[edit]

E.g. at Caribou Eskimos (but similar things were much more widespread), the "own" soul, "personal" soul of the newborn child was so weak, that it needed a guardianship of a more experienced soul. A naming ritual associated the "name" of a recently dead relative to the child. This name-soul took the guardianship over the child. This lead to a gentle behavior towards the child: if the child spoke, he/she spoke with the wisdom of the dead relative.[23] Pryde also adds that the associating the name of the dead to a child was a necessity, so that the ghost of the dead do not turn into a restless being. At Perry Island, at least a newborn dog had to bear the name of the dead! If they forgot complely about this, it could result later in heavy illness.[24]

Now the main point comes: this notion of name-soul can amount to a reincarnation-like thought. The dead comes alive in the body of the soul at Caribou Eskimos. At other groups, it is only a guardianship. (But in both cases, the parents treat the child in a gentle way.)[25]

The child in the air[edit]

Naarsuk is often thought to be associated to weather (storms). Beyond this generality, also he shows several local variations[26]:

Copper Eskimo and Netsilik
He was a giant baby, his parents were giants. They had died in a battle between giants. In this battle also people were involved. Naarsuk felt avenge towards people, went to heavens. It is his loosened diaper that makes rain and wind. And the shaman has to tie it tight again.
Iglulik
He decided not by himself to plague people. It was Sea Woman and Moon Man who let him loose if they wanted to punish people for transgression of taboo.
East Greenland
Also here, people imagined spirits in the air and tried to scare them away by stabbing with knife in the snowy or stormy air. They also imagined the child in the air. The child was married to another mythological being, Asiaq, who had stolen this baby intentionally to marry him. Asiaq lived in the heaven. She could make rain. If people wanted rain, the shaman travelled to Asiaq and asked her for rain.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Kleivan 1985:8
  2. ^ Rasmussen 1965:366 (ch. XXIII)
  3. ^ Rasmussen 1965:166 (ch. XIII)
  4. ^ a b Rasmussen 1965:110 (ch. VIII)
  5. ^ Mauss 1979
  6. ^ Kleivan 1985:26
  7. ^ Menovščikov 1996 [1968]:433
  8. ^ Menovščikov 1996 [1968]:442
  9. ^ Vitebsky 1996:42 (ch. North America)
  10. ^ Merkur 1985:7
  11. ^ Kleivan & Sonne 1985:14
  12. ^ Rubcova 1954:128
  13. ^ Tattoos of the early hunter-gatherers of the Arctic written by Lars Krutak
  14. ^ Kleivan & Sonne 1985:17
  15. ^ Rasmussen 1965:256,279
  16. ^ Rubcova 1954:218
  17. ^ Rubcova 1954:380
  18. ^ (in Russian) A radio interview with Russian scientists about Asian Eskimos
  19. ^ Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. (1952) The Sociological Theory of Totemism. In Structure and Function in Primitive Society. Glencoe: The Free Press.
  20. ^ Kleivan&Sonne, p. 22–23.
  21. ^ a b c Kleivan&Sonne, p. 23
  22. ^ Gabus 1970, p. 212
  23. ^ Pryde 1976, 123
  24. ^ Kleivan&Sonne 1985, p. 19
  25. ^ Kleivan&Sonne 1985, p. 31–32

References[edit]

  • Gabus, Jean (1970). A karibu eszkimók. Budapest: Gondolat Kiadó. Translation of the original: Vie et coutumes des Esquimaux Caribous. Libraire Payot Lausanne. 1944.
  • Hoppál, Mihály (2005). Sámánok Eurázsiában (in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-8295-3. (The title means “Shamans in Eurasia”, the book is written in Hungarian, but it is also published in German, Estonian and Finnish). Site of publisher with short description on the book (in Hungarian)
  • Kleivan, Inge (1985). Eskimos: Greenland and Canada. Leiden, The Netherlands: Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-07160-1. {{cite book}}: Text "series: Iconography of religions, section VIII, "Artic Peoples", fascicle 2." ignored (help)
  • Mauss, Marcel (1979) [c1950]. Seasonal variations of the Eskimo: a study in social morphology. in collab. with Henri Beuchat; translated, with a foreward, by James J. Fox. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Menovščikov, G. A. (Г. А. Меновщиков). Popular Conceptions, Religious Beliefs and Rites of the Asiatic Eskimoes. Translated into English and published in: Diószegi, Vilmos (1996) [1968]. Folk Beliefs and Shamanistic Traditions in Siberia. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Merkur, Daniel (1985). Becoming Half Hidden: Shamanism and Initiation among the Inuit. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. {{cite book}}: Text "series: Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis / Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion" ignored (help)
  • Pryde, Duncan (1976). Most már eszkimó vagy!. Világjárók (in Hungarian). Budapest: Gondolat.. Hungarian translation of Pryde 1972. Translated by Félix, Pál.
  • Pryde, Duncan (1972). Nunaga. Ten Years of Eskimo Life. London: Mac Gibbon & Kee.
  • Rasmussen, Knud (1926). Thulefahrt. Frankfurt am Main: Frankurter Societăts-Druckerei.
  • Rasmussen, Knud (1965). Thulei utazás. Világjárók (in Hungarian). transl. Detre Zsuzsa. Budapest: Gondolat. Hungarian translation of Rasmussen 1926.
  • Rubcova, E. S. (1954). Materials on the Language and Folklore of the Eskimoes (Vol. I, Chaplino Dialect). Moscow • Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Original data: Рубцова, Е. С. (1954). Материалы по языку и фольклору эскимосов (чаплинский диалект). Москва • Ленинград: Академия Наук СССР.
  • Vitebsky, Piers (2001). The Shaman: Voyages of the Soul - Trance, Ecstasy and Healing from Siberia to the Amazon. Duncan Baird. ISBN 1-903296-18-8.
  • Vitebsky, Piers (1996). A sámán. Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub • Helikon Kiadó.. Translation of the original: The Shaman (Living Wisdom). Duncan Baird. 1995.
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