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Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) constitute a diverse group of mobile genetic elements present in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In a donor cell, ICEs are primarily located on the chromosome, but have the ability to excise themselves from the genome and transfer to recipient cells via bacterial conjugation.
Characteristics[edit]
Although ICEs exhibit various mechanisms promoting their integration, transfer and regulation, they share many common characteristics. ICEs comprise all mobile genetic elements with self-replication, integration, and conjugation, including, but not limited to, all conjugative transposons; this is regardless of their particular conjugation and integration mechanisms. Some immobile genomic pathogenicity islands are also believed to be defective ICEs that have lost their ability to conjugate.
ICEs combine certain features of the following mobile genetic elements:[1]
- Bacteriophages that have the ability to insert into and excise from bacterial chromosomes;
- Transposons, that, besides the characteristics of insertion and excision, can additionally be subject to horizontal gene transfer via conjugation;
- Conjugative plasmids, that transfer from donor to recipient bacteria via conjugation.
In contrast to plasmids and phages, integrative and conjugative elements cannot remain in an extrachromosomal form in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells, and they replicate only with the chromosome they reside in.
ICEs possess the structure organized into three gene modules, that are responsible for their integration with the chromosome, excision from the genome and conjugation, as well as regulatory genes.[1][2] All integrative and conjugative elements encode integrases that are a key factor for controlling the excision, transfer and integration of an ICE. The representative example of ICE integrases is the integrase encoded by lambda phage. The transfer of an integrated ICE element from the donor to recipient bacterium must be preceded by its excision from the chromosome; that excision co-promoted by small DNA binding proteins, the so-called recombination directionality factors. The dynamics of the integration and excision processes are specific to each integrative and conjugative element.[1]
Prevalence[edit]
Due to their physical association with chromosomes, identifying integrative and conjugative elements has proven challenging, but computer-based analyses of bacterial genomes indicate they are widespread among many microorganisms.[3][1]
ICEs have been detected in Proteobacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., E. coli, Haemophilus spp.), Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Among many other virulence determinants, ICEs spread antibiotics and metal ions resistance genes across multiple prokaryotic lineages.[1][2][4][5] ICE elements may also facilitate the mobilisation of other DNA modules, e.g. genomic islands.[2][6]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e Wozniak RA, Waldor MK (2010). "Integrative and conjugative elements: mosaic mobile genetic elements enabling dynamic lateral gene flow". Nat Rev Microbiol. 8 (8): 552–63. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2382. PMID 20601965. S2CID 21460836.
- ^ a b c Burrus V, Waldor MK (2004). "Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements". Res Microbiol. 155 (5): 376–86. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012. PMID 15207870.
- ^ Burrus V, Marrero J, Waldor MK (2006). "The current ICE age: biology and evolution of SXT-related integrating conjugative elements". Plasmid. 55 (3): 173–83. doi:10.1016/j.plasmid.2006.01.001. PMID 16530834.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Garriss G, Waldor MK, Burrus V (2009). "Mobile antibiotic resistance encoding elements promote their own diversity". PLOS Genet. 5 (12): e1000775. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000775. PMC 2786100. PMID 20019796.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sitkiewicz I, Green NM, Guo N, Mereghetti L, Musser JM (2011). "Lateral gene transfer of streptococcal ICE element RD2 (region of difference 2) encoding secreted proteins". BMC Microbiol. 11: 65. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-11-65. PMC 3083328. PMID 21457552.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ceccarelli D, Daccord A, René M, Burrus V (2008). "Identification of the origin of transfer (oriT) and a new gene required for mobilization of the SXT/R391 family of integrating conjugative elements". J Bacteriol. 190 (15): 5328–38. doi:10.1128/JB.00150-08. PMC 2493277. PMID 18539733.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)