User:Pkumar15
Please don't change this--I am an undergrad in a LGBT class at UC Berkeley and am working on the Pornography in India wikipage. These are some drafts for sections I plan on adding to the page.
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Types of Publication[edit]
Print[edit]
Studies have found that print media is less widely accessible than internet media in India[1]. A randomized survey of 96 random vendors, such as video stores, mobile downloads/recharge stores and cybercafés, in Haryana, India found that 17% displayed pornography openly, 34% displayed it semi-openly, and 49% kept it hidden[2]. It is possible that cultural taboos[3] and legal issues (such as those described above) make it more desirable to view pornography in India through internet mediums, such as computers or smartphones, for more privacy.
Internet[edit]
One self reporting survey found that 63% of youths in urban areas such as Haryana reported watching pornography, with 74% accessing it through their mobile phones. As smartphone and internet access in India continues to increase, more people will be able to privately view pornography[4]. Quartz has have found that 50% of Indian IP addresses accessed popular pornography websites on mobile phones. Cartoon pornography has also become popular in India as the internet becomes more readily available to the common citizen [5].
Softcore Pornography[edit]
Prior to the explosion of the internet, soft-core pornographic movies were popularly consumed in India [6]. Depending on one's definition (see Softcore Pornography for more details), it is arguable that a lot of hindi films still contain mildly softcore pornography with scenes designed to sexually arouse the viewers.
Sex Work[edit]
Some studies have speculated that pornography influences sex work in India[7][8][9]. For instance, one study of 555 female sex workers found that 45% self-reported pornographic influence driving clientele desire for anal sex[10]. In another study, female sex workers reported being asked to perform new sexual acts such as anal sex, masturbation and different sex positions, requests that they believed were due to an increased exposure to pornography[11].
Violence[edit]
Some prominent members of the Indian media and citizenry have argued that censoring pornography would decrease the rape culture in India. Empirical investigations into the potential link between pornography and violence in India have been unable to isolate pornography as a significant factor in the rate of crime[12], casting doubt on the validity of such a relationship. The link between pornography and sexual violence has not been observed in other countries.
Socio-Cultural Attitudes[edit]
Some studies have found that many sex related topics, such as pornography, are considered taboo in traditional Indian households[13], though this trend seems to be rapidly changing, especially in urbanized cities[14]. Others have established that the primary sex education of youth born in the 1990’s onwards in India comes from pornography and conversations amongst their peers, which has been known to cause long term sexual anxiety and frustration in other cultures where youth learn sexual attitudes from pornography, which is known to cause long term marital and sexual dissatisfaction.
Queer Pornography[edit]
Queer pornography is not widely available in print, due to the socio-culture taboo surrounding both pornography and homosexuality (see LGBT culture in India). However, Quartz has found that Indian IP Addresses watch both lesbian and gay porn using the internet, with a 213% increase in searches for gay porn[15]. Additionally, Quartz has found that the most popular search amongst females in India using the internet to consume pornography centers on lesbian and gay pornography, indicating that there is likely demand for such pornography.
- ^ Ravi Shankar, (2012). NU (DE) MEDIA: A PRELIMINARY STUDY INTO THE YOUNG PEOPLES' ACCESS TO PORNOGRAPHY THROUGH THE NEW MEDIA. Indian Streams Research Journal, Vol. II, Issue. IV, DOI : 10.9780/22307850, http://isrj.org/UploadedData/975.pdf
- ^ Ravi Shankar, (2012). NU(DE) MEDIA: A PRELIMINARY STUDY INTO THE YOUNG PEOPLES' ACCESS TO PORNOGRAPHY THROUGH THE NEW MEDIA. Indian Streams Research Journal, Vol. II, Issue. IV, DOI : 10.9780/22307850, http://isrj.org/UploadedData/975.pdf
- ^ Verma, R. K., & Mahendra, V. S. (2004). Construction of masculinity in India: A gender and sexual health perspective. Journal of Family Welfare, 50, 71–78.
- ^ Shaik S, Rajkumar RP. Internet access and sexual offences against children: an analysis of crime bureau statistics from India. Open Journal of Psychiatry & Allied Sciences. 2015 Mar 8.
- ^ http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/india/090430/indias-first-porn-star
- ^ http://www.salon.com/2011/09/07/india_softcore_porn/
- ^ Bradley, J., Rajaram, S. P., Isac, S., Gurav, K., Ramesh, B. M., Gowda, C., Moses, S., & Alary, M. (2015). Pornography, Sexual Enhancement Products, and Sexual Risk of Female Sex Workers and their Clients in Southern India. Archives of sexual behavior, 1-10.
- ^ Tucker, S., Krishna, R., Prabhakar, P., Panyam, S., & Anand, P. (2012). Exploring dynamics of anal sex among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, 33(1), 9–15.
- ^ Beattie, T. S. H., Bradley, J. E., Vanta, U. D., Lowndes, C. M., & Alary, M. (2013). Vulnerability re-assessed: The changing face of sex work in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. AIDS Care, 25, 378–384. doi:10.1080/ 09540121.2012.701726.
- ^ Tucker, S., Krishna, R., Prabhakar, P., Panyam, S., & Anand, P. (2012). Exploring dynamics of anal sex among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, 33(1), 9–15.
- ^ Beattie, T. S. H., Bradley, J. E., Vanta, U. D., Lowndes, C. M., & Alary, M. (2013). Vulnerability re-assessed: The changing face of sex work in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. AIDS Care, 25, 378–384. doi:10.1080/ 09540121.2012.701726.
- ^ S.B. Math, B. Viswanath, A.S. Maroky, N.C. Kumar, A.V. Cherian, M.C. Nirmala. Sexual crime in India: is it influenced by pornography? Indian J Psychol Med, 36 (2014), pp. 147–152
- ^ Verma, R. K., & Mahendra, V. S. (2004). Construction of masculinity in India: A gender and sexual health perspective. Journal of Family Welfare, 50, 71–78.
- ^ Verma, R. K., & Mahendra, V. S. (2004). Construction of masculinity in India: A gender and sexual health perspective. Journal of Family Welfare, 50, 71–78.
- ^ http://qz.com/300478/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-how-india-watches-porn-in-one-map-and-five-charts/