User:Rênas Îbranûm Dêyako

'Swadesh list for Kurdish'

Presentation

This is Swadesh list of 207 words in English and Kurdish.

The Swadesh list, developed by the linguist Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language to varying degrees. Various versions have been created, in particular:

● a complete 207 words version, in which some of the words are not found in every environment (it contains for instance snake and snow).

● a reduced 100 words version.

Some versions are more reliable than others in terms of the universality of concurrence between the words' meanings.

This word list should not be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, the numerous existing Wikitravel lexicons are more useful. Its only objective is to give a rough idea of the language, by showing its lexical and, when possible, phonetic basis. It considers one of the lists of vocabulary with universal test meanings/concepts developed by Morris Swadesh in the 1950-70s. Because translations of the Swadesh list into a set of languages allow researchers to quantify the interrelatedness of those languages.

List

For further information, read the article: Swadesh list

The Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language. Various versions have been created, in particular:

• a complete 207 words version, in which some of the words are not found in every environment (it contains for instance snake and snow)
• a reduced 100 words version.

This word list should not be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, the numerous existing Wikivoyage lexicons are more useful. Its only objective is to give a rough idea of the language, by showing its lexical and, when possible, phonetics basis.

No.	English	Kurdish	IPA pronunciation
1	I (me)	ez (subject, continue & future), mi, min (object, past)	/az/, /mə, mən/
2	you (singular)	tu	/ṭɜ/
3	he	ew	/aw/
4	we	em	/am/
5	you (plural)	wun, hûn	/wɜn, huːn/
6	they	ewna, ew	/awˈnɑː, aw/
7	this	ev	/av/
8	that	ew	/aw/
9	here	vir	/vəɹ/
10	there	wir	/wəɹ/
11	who	kî	/kiː/
12	what	çi	/tʃə/
13	where	kur, ku va	/kɜɹ, kɜ vɑː/
14	when	dema, ga va, kîn ga, ku va	/damɑː, gɑː vɑː, kiːŋ gɑː/
15	how	ço(w), çito, çawa	/tʃɔʷ, tʃəṭɔ, tʃɑːwɑː/
16	not	na	/nɑː/
17	all	gî, giştî, tev, hemû	/giː, gəʃṭi, tav, hamuː/
18	many	pir	/pər/
19	some	hin	/hən/
20	few	çend, kêm	/tʃand, ḳɪm/
21	other	din, dî	/dən, diː/
22	one	yek	/jaḳ/
23	two	du, didu	/dɜ, dədɜ/
24	three	sê, sisê	/sɪ, səsɪ/
25	four	çar	/tʃɑːr/
26	five	pênc	/pɪnʤ/
27	big	mez, mezin	/maz, mazən/
28	long	dirêj	/dərɪʒ/
29	wide	fereh, pehn	/farah, pahn/
30	thick	stûr, qaling	/stuːr, qɑːləŋg/
31	heavy	giran	/gərɑːn/
32	small	çûk, çûçik	/ˈt͡ʃuːḳ, t͡ʃuːḳt͡ʃəḳ/
33	short	kin, kurt	/ˈḳən, ḳɜrṭ/
34	narrow	nar, zirav, tîr, teng	[nɑːr, zərɑːv, ṭiːr, ṭaŋ]
35	thin	tenik	/ṭaˈnəḳ/
36	woman	jin	/ˈʒən/
37	man (as male),man (as human)	peya, mêr, merov, camêr	/pajɑː, mɪr/, /marɔv, ʤɑːmɪɹ/
38	person	perez, kes	/paraz, kas/
39	child	zar, zîç, qiçik, mendal	/zɑːr, ziːt͡ʃ, ϙət͡ʃəḳ, manˈdɑːl/
40	wife	kebanî, jin, pîrek	/ḳabɑːniː, ˈʒən, ṗiːraḳ/
41	husband	mêr	/mɪr/
42	mother	anê, dayê, dayîk, dêk, dêy, yadê	/ˈɑːnɪ, dɑːjɪ, dɑːjiːḳ, dɪḳ, dɪj, jɑːdɪ/
43	father	bav	/bɑːv/
44	animal	cinawir, dewar, heywan, ajal, hovî	/ʤənɑːwər, dawɑːr, hajˈwɑːn, ɑːʒɑːl, ˈhɔviː/
45	fish	masî	/mɑːsiː/
46	bird	çûk, balinde, firende	/t͡ʃuːḳ , bɑːlənda, fəranda/
47	dog	kutû, kûçik, seg	/kɜtuː, ḳuːˈt͡ʃəḳ, sag/
48	louse	kêç, sipi	/ḳɪt͡ʃ, ˈsəṗə/
49	snake	mar, mehr	/mɑːr, mahr/
50	worm	kurm	/ḳɜrm/
51	tree	dar	/ˈdɑːr/
52	forest	rêl, daristan, dehl, boş, berrî, mêşe	/rɪl, dɑːrəstɑːn, daɣl, bɔʃ, bariː, mɪʃa/
53	stick	şivik, ço(v/w), textik	/ʃəvəḳ, ˈt͡ʃo(v), taxṭəḳ/
54	fruit	ber, meywe, fêhkî	/bar, majwa, fɪhḳiː/
55	seed	dendik, dane	/dandəḳ, dɑːna/
56	leaf	pel, çilo(w)	/pal, ˈt͡ʃəloʷ/
57	root	tamar, kok	/ṭɑːmɑːr, koḳ/
58	bark (of a tree)	qaliq, qaşil, berg	/qɑːˈləq, qɑːˈʃəl, barg/
59	flower	gul, gulîlk, kulîlk, çîçek	/gɜl, gɜliːlḳ, ḳɜliːlḳ, t͡ʃiːt͡ʃaḳ/
60	grass	çawîr, gire	/tʃɑːwiːr, gəra/
61	rope	ben, kêndir	/ban, kɪnˈdər/
62	skin	çerm, eyar, kevel, post	/ˈt͡ʃarm, aˈjɑːr, kaval, post/
63	meat	goşt	/goʃṭ/
64	blood	xwîn, xwûn	/ˈxwiːn, ˈxwuːn/
65	bone	hestî, êstû, êsik	/hastiː, ɪstuː, ɪˈsəḳ/
66	fat (noun), (solid form) fat (noun), (liquid form)	rûn, dohn lêlûn, qatix, cerb, zêt	/ruːn, dɔːn/ /lɪluːn, qɑːtəx, ʤaɹb, zɪṭ/
67	egg	hêk	/hɪḳ/
68	horn	qoç	/qɔt͡ʃ/
69	tail	dûv, terî	/duːv, tariː/
70	feather	per	/par/
71	hair	por, pirç, mû	/pɔːɹ, pəɹt͡ʃ, muːʷ/
72	head	serî	/sariː/
73	ear	guh	/gɜh/
74	eye	çav, çehv	/ˈt͡ʃɑːv, ˈt͡ʃahv/
75	nose	poz, difin	/ˈpɔːz, ṗɔz, dəfən/
76	mouth	dev	/dav/
77	tooth	diran, didan	/dərɑːn, dədɑːn/
78	tongue (organ)	ziman	/zəmɑːn/
79	fingernail	dir-nak	/dər.ˈnɑːḳ/
80	foot	pê, pey	/ṗɪ, ṗaj/
81	leg	ling	/ləŋg/
82	knee	kab, çog, ejnû	/kɑːb, tʃɔg, aʒnuː/
83	hand	dest, lep	/dast, laṗ/
84	wing	bask, pazik	/ˈbɑːsḳ, ˈpɑːzəḳ/
85	belly	ˈzik, nav	/zəḳ, nɑːv/
86	guts	rovik, rûvik, navik	/rɔʷˈvəkɑːn, ruːˈvəḳ, nɑːˈvəḳ /
87	neck	histi, stî, gepir, qirik	/həstə, stiː, gapər, qərəḳ/
88	back	pişt	/pəʃt/
89	breast	sîng, berok	/siːŋ, barɔḳ/
90	heart	dil	/dəl/
91	liver	kezeba sor, cîger	/ḳazabɑː sɔr, ʤiːgar/
92	to drink	ve-x, da-qurt	/va.x, dɑː.ϙɜɹṭ/
93	to eat	xu, xwu	/xɜ, xwɜ/
94	to bite	gez k	/gaz ḳ/
95	to suck	mêj	/mɪʒ/
96	to spit	tif k	/təf/
97	to vomit	ve-reş	/va.raʃ/
98	to blow	ba(h) k, pif k	/bɑːʰ ḳ, pəf ḳ/
99	to breathe	nefes, hêlim k, hilm k	/nafas, hɪləm ḳ, həlm ḳ/
100	to laugh	ken	/kan/
101	to see	seh k, neyr (nêr), biyn (bîn), dî	/saʰ ḳ, najɹ (nɪɹ), biːjn (biːn), diː/
102	to hear	bihîs, biys, bîs	/bəʰiːs, biːjs, biːs/
103	to know	nas, zan	/nɑːs, zɑːn/
104	to think	bîrr k	/biːr ḳ/
105	to smell	bîhin (bîn) k	/biːhən (biːn) ḳ/
106	to fear	tirs, pix k	/tərs, pəx ḳ/
107	to sleep	xew k, nenî k, temir	/xaw ḳ, naniː ḳ, ṭamər/
108	to live	jî	/ʒiː/
109	to die	mir	/mər/
110	to kill	kuj	/kɜʒ, ḳɜʒ/
111	to fight	şer k, ceng k	/ʃar ḳ, ʤaŋg ḳ/
112	to hunt (animal) to hunt (to fish)	nîçirê k, awê k	/niːt͡ʃərɪ ḳ/ /ɑːwɪ ḳ/
113	to hit	xi (lê-x), xi-st, lê-d	/xə (lɪ.x), xə.st, lɪ.d/
114	to cut	birr, qet, qut	/bər, qat, qɜt/
115	to split	pertîn, perçe	/partiːn, part͡ʃa/
116	to stab	hut, kut	/hɜṭ, kɜṭ/
117	to scratch	xiş	/xəʃ/
118	to dig	kol	/kɔl/
119	to swim	av-jenîn	/ɑːv.ʒaniːn/
120	to fly	fir	/fər/
121	to walk	meş, pey, gav k, gaz k	/maʃ, ṗaj, gɑːv ḳ, gɑːz ḳ/
122	to come	wer, hê (dihê, tê)	/war, hɪ (dəʰɪ, ṭɪ)/
123	to lie (as in a bed)	ra-z, xwe-dirêj	/rɑː.z, xɑː.dərɪʒ/
124	to sit	nih (rû-n)	/nəʰ (ruː.n)/
125	to stand (to get) to stand (postion)	-st/-şt (xi-st, ni-şt), stîn pê-stîn, sekin	/ -st/-ʃt (xə.st, nə.ʃt), stiːn / / pɪ.stiːn, saʰḳən /
126	to turn (intransitive)	ger, çerx k, dor	/gar/
127	to fall	kev, da-x, pêy xi-(-st)	/kav, dɑː.χ, pɪj xə-(-st)/
128	to give	de(h), da (past form)	/daʰ, dɑː/
129	to hold	hil-de(h), gir	/həl.daʰ, gər/
130	to squeeze	guvêş	/gɜvɪʃ/
131	to rub	xuş, miz-de(h)	/xɜʃ, məz.daʰ/
132	to wash	şo(w)	/ʃɔʷ/
133	to wipe	pixwaş k, pak k	/ṗəxʷɑːʃ ḳ, pɑːḳ ḳ/
134	to pull	kiş	/kəʃiːn/
135	to push	pal-de(h), ve-de(h)	/pɑːl.daʰ, va.daʰ/
136	to throw	avê, avêj	/ɑːvɪ, ɑːvɪʒ/
137	to tie	girê-de(h)	/gərɪ.daʰ/
138	to sew	diro(w), dirû	/dərɔʷ, dəruː/
139	to count	jimêr	/jəmɪr/
140	to say	go(w), bêy, bêj	/gɔʷ, bɪj, bɪʒ/
141	to sing	stir	/ˈstəɹ/
142	to play	leyz, lîz	/lajz, liːz/
143	to float	seravê-kev, rûavê-kev	/sarɑːvɪ.kav, ruːˈɑːvɪ.kav/
144	to flow	şur, şir	/ˈʃɜr, ˈʃər/
145	to freeze	bûz gir	/buːz gər, buːʷz gər/
146	to swell	perçif, gup, sowr be(h)	/part͡ʃəf, gɜṗ, sɔʷɾ baʰ/
147	sun	ro, row, xwur, xor	/rɔ, rɔʰ, rɔw, xʷɜr, xɔr/
148	moon	heyv, hêv	/hajv, hɪv/
149	star	stêr, histêr, istêr	/ˈsṭɪɹ, həˈsṭɪr, əsṭɪr/
150	water	av, aw	/ˈɑːv, ɑːw/
151	rain	baran	/ˈbɑːrɑːn/
152	river	rûbar, çem	/ˈruːbɑːr, ˈtʃam/
153	lake	lêç, gol	/lɪt͡ʃ, gol/
154	sea	derya, zerya, behûr, behr	/darjɑː, zarjɑː, bahuːr, bahr/
155	salt	xow, şor	/χɔːʷ, ʃɔːr/
156	stone	kevir, seng, ber	/ḳavər, saŋ, bar/
157	sand	qûm, zix	/quːˈm, ˈzəχ/
158	dust	toz	/tɔˈz, tɔʷz/
159	earth	erd, ax, zevî, zemîn	/ard, ˈɑːx, zaviː, zamiːn/
160	cloud	ewir	/ˈawər/
161	fog	mij, dîmar, morav	/məʒ, diːmɑːr, mɔrɑːv/
162	sky	asman, ezman	/ɑːsmɑːn, ˈazmɑːn/
163	wind	ba(h)	/bɑːʰ/
164	snow	befr, berf	/bafɾ, barf/
165	ice	seqo, qeşa, sûxar, seqem	/saqɔʷ, qaʃɑː, suːxɑːr, saqam/
166	smoke	dû, dûman	/duːʷ, duːmɑːn/
167	fire	ar, êr, agir, êgir	/ˈɑːr, ˈɪr, ˈɑːgər, ˈɪgər/
168	ash	xalî	/xˈɑːliː]
169	to burn	şewt	/ʃawṭ/
170	road	rê	/rɪ/
171	mountain	ça, çî, koy	/ˈt͡ʃɑː, ˈt͡ʃiː, kɔʲ/
172	red	sor	/ˈsɔr, ˈsɔʰr, ˈsɔʷr/
173	green	kesk, sevz	/kaˈsḳ, savz/
174	yellow	zer	/zar/
175	white	sipî	/ˈsəṗiː/
176	black	reş	/raʃ/
177	night	şev	/ˈʃav/
178	day	rok, roj	/rɔḳ, rɔʒ/
179	year	sal	/sɑːl/
180	warm	germ	/garm, gaʰˈrəm/
181	cold	sar	/sɑːr/
182	full	têr, tijî	/tɪr, ṭəʒiː/
183	new	ecer, nû, nu(y), nî(y)	/ˈaʤar, nuː, nɜʲ, niːʲ/
184	old	kevin	/ḳavən/
185	good	rind, naz, baş, çê	/rənd, nɑːz, bɑːʃ, t͡ʃɪːʰ]
186	bad	xerap, pîs, bed	/xarɑːṗ, ˈpiːs, bad/
187	rotten	xera, genî, tixî, rizî, kuvikî	/xaˈrɑː, ganiː, təxiː, rəziː, kuvəḳiː/
188	dirty	gemar, pîs	/gamɑːr, ˈpiːs/
189	straight	berrû, serrê, serrast	/baˈruː, saˈrɪ, saˈrɑː sṭ/
190	round	gerande, gulok, gulover	/garɑːnda, gɜlɔḳ, gɜlɔvaɾ/
191	sharp (as a knife)	tûj	/ṭuːʒ/
192	dull (as a knife)	ko	/ḳɔ, ḳɔʰ, ḳɔʷ/
193	smooth	hil-lû, hil-lûs	/həˈluː, həˈluːs/
194	wet	şil, ter, hêlim	/ʃəl, ṭar, hɪləm/
195	dry	ziya, hişk	/ziːˈjɑː, həʃḳ/
196	correct	durust	/dɜɾɜst/
197	near	nêz, nêzî, nêzîk	/nɪz, nɪziː, nɪziːḳ/
198	far	dûr	/duːr/
199	right	rast	/rɑːsṭ/
200	left	çep	/tʃap/
201	at	cem, li, ba	/ʤam, lə, bɑː/
202	in	di ... da, li, (h)indir	/də ... dɑː, lə, (h)əndər/
203	with	tev, bi ... ra, tev ra, pê ra, hev ra	/tav, bə ... rɑː, tav rɑː, ṗɪ rɑː, hav rɑː/
204	and	û	/uː/
205	if	eg, ge(h), ger, eger, heger, hege, heg	/ag, gaʰ, gar, agar, hagar, haga, hag/
206	because	ber ku, çim kî, ji bo, ji ber	/bar ḳɜ, tʃəm ḳiː, ʒə bɔ, ʒə bar/
207	name	nam, nav	/nɑːm, nɑːv/

Remark:

When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, transitive and intransitive), the orthography is the following: ● verbs : infinitive before conjugation, and even auxiliary verbs too.

● this Swadesh list is more based on Kurmanji which known as north Kurdish.

● the letter ( k ) represents separate auxiliary verb (kerden/kirin) before conjugation, as (deh) for (dan), and (beh) for (bûn).

● almost all Kurdish sound of vowel / ɪ / in western accents turns to vowel sound / e / in eastern accents.

Rênas Îbranûm Dêyako (talk) 22:15, 1 February 2022 (UTC)