User:Researcher112233/Citizen science

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There are three people standing in tall grass with some white wildflowers in a forested area looking over at a small pond. The person on the right is holding a notepad and pen, the other two people to the left are holding nets with long handles. The person in the center with a net is leaned over the furthest and has one hand pointing at the pond. The image source said he spotted a frog, although the he frog is not visible in this image.
Citizen science volunteers and coordinator near a pond observe a frog. (NPS Photo by Ivie Metzen) (license: CC BY 2.0) (source: Wikipedia:https://www.flickr.com/photos/78037339@N03/44094809031/)

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Citizen science (CS) (similar to community science, crowd science, crowd-sourced science, civic science, participatory monitoring, or volunteer monitoring) is scientific research conducted with participation from the public (who are sometimes referred to as amateur/nonprofessional scientists).[1][2] There are variations in the exact definition of citizen science, with different individuals and organizations having their own specific interpretations of what citizen science encompasses.[1] Citizen science is used in a wide range of areas of study, with most citizen science research publications being in the fields of biology and conservation.[1][3] There are different applications and functions of citizen science in research projects.[1][3] Citizen science can be used as a methodology where public volunteers help in collecting and classifying data, improving the scientific community's capacity.[3][4] Citizen science can also involve more direct involvement from the public, with communities initiating projects researching environment and health hazards in their own communities.[3] Participation in citizen science projects also educates the public about the scientific process and increases awareness about different topics.[3][5][6] Some schools have students participate in citizen science projects for this purpose as a part of the teaching curriculums.[5][6][7]

This is a picture of an open laptop on a desk. The student using the laptop is not pictured but you can see one hand on the keyboard and one hand on the mouse pad as if they are in the middle of using the computer. The website on the laptop says EyeWire in rainbow colors at the upper left of the screen and there is a menu option bar across the top of the webpage. The webpage has a black background with a large picture of what appears to be a neuron structure (which looks like branches of purple squiggly lines coming from a small, spherical component). To the right of the screen is where you enter login information and the top left it says, "What is EyeWire? Play a game to map the brain."
High school student contributes to citizen science project EyeWire from a laptop as a part of a neuroscience course. (source: Wikipedia: Spokes America Documentary B-roll) (license: CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication)


The first use of the term "citizen science" can be found in a January 1989 issue of MIT Technology Review, which featured three community-based labs studying environmental issues.[1][8] In the 21st century, the number of citizen science projects, publications, and funding opportunities has increased.[1][3] Citizen science has been used more over time, a trend helped by technological advancements.[1][3][9] Digital citizen science platforms, such as Zooniverse, store large amounts of data for many projects and are a place where volunteers can learn how to contribute to projects.[10][1] For some projects, participants are instructed to collect and enter data, such as what species they observed, into large digital global databases.[3][11] For other projects, participants help classify data on digital platforms.[3] Citizen science data is also being used to develop machine learning algorithms.[9][1] An example is using volunteer-classified images to train machine learning algorithms to identify species.[9][1] While global participation and global databases are found on online platforms,[11][1] not all locations always have the same amount of data from contributors.[9][12] Concerns over potential data quality issues, such as measurement errors and biases, in citizen science projects are recognized in the scientific community and there are statistical solutions and best practices available which can help.[11][13]

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History (see below)

A main founding definition of citizen science is from Alan Irwin, who felt science should function to help the needs of people and be driven by those people. [3][14][1][15] Another main founding definition of citizen science is from an ornithologist, Rick Bonney, and fellow scientists who saw the value in using data from amateur scientists.[14][1][15] While citizen science developed at the end of the 20th century, characteristics of citizen science are not new.[15][1] For example, before the professionalization of science by the end of the 19th century, most pursued scientific projects as an activity rather than a profession itself, an example being amateur naturalists in the 18th and 19th centuries.[15] Some consider figures such as Leonardo da Vinci and Charles Darwin to be citizen scientists, while others feel that citizen science is a distinct movement that developed later on, building on the preceding history of science.[1][15]


HISTORY Section (needs more work but added in what is in bold here)

While citizen science developed at the end of the 20th century, characteristics of citizen science are not new.[15][1] Prior to the 20th century, science was often the pursuit of gentleman scientists, amateur or self-funded researchers such as Sir Isaac Newton, Benjamin Franklin, and Charles Darwin. Women citizen scientists from before the 20th century include Florence Nightingale who "perhaps better embodies the radical spirit of citizen science". Before the professionalization of science by the end of the 19th century, most pursued scientific projects as an activity rather than a profession itself, an example being amateur naturalists in the 18th and 19th centuries.[15]

During the British colonization of North America, American Colonists recorded the weather, offering much of the information now used to estimate climate data and climate change during this time period. These people included John Campanius Holm, who recorded storms in the mid-1600s, as well as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin who tracked weather patterns during America's founding. Their work focused on identifying patterns by amassing their data and that of their peers and predecessors, rather than specific professional knowledge in scientific fields. Some consider these individuals to be the fist citizen scientists, some consider figures such as Leonardo da Vinci and Charles Darwin to be citizen scientists, while others feel that citizen science is a distinct movement that developed later on, building on the preceding history of science.[1][15]

By the mid-20th century, however, science was dominated by researchers employed by universities and government research laboratories. By the 1970s, this transformation was being called into question. Philosopher Paul Feyerabend called for a "democratization of science". Biochemist Erwin Chargaff advocated a return to science by nature-loving amateurs in the tradition of Descartes, Newton, Leibniz, Buffon, and Darwin—science dominated by "amateurship instead of money-biased technical bureaucrats".

A study from 2016 indicates that the largest impact of citizen science is in research on biology, conservation and ecology, and is utilized mainly as a methodology of collecting and classifying data.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q The Science of Citizen Science. Katrin Vohland. Cham, Switzerland. 2021. ISBN 978-3-030-58278-4. OCLC 1230459796.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. ^ Gura, Trisha (2013-04). "Citizen science: Amateur experts". Nature. 496 (7444): 259–261. doi:10.1038/nj7444-259a. ISSN 1476-4687. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kullenberg, Christopher; Kasperowski, Dick (2016-01-14). Dorta-González, Pablo (ed.). "What Is Citizen Science? – A Scientometric Meta-Analysis". PLOS ONE. 11 (1): e0147152. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147152. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4713078. PMID 26766577.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ Steven, Rochelle; Barnes, Megan; Garnett, Stephen T.; Garrard, Georgia; O'Connor, James; Oliver, Jessica L.; Robinson, Cathy; Tulloch, Ayesha; Fuller, Richard A. (2019-10). "Aligning citizen science with best practice: Threatened species conservation in Australia". Conservation Science and Practice. 1 (10). doi:10.1111/csp2.100. ISSN 2578-4854. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ a b Doyle, Cathal; David, Rodreck; Li, Yevgeniya; Luczak-Roesch, Markus; Anderson, Dayle; Pierson, Cameron M. (2019-06-26). "Using the Web for Science in the Classroom: Online Citizen Science Participation in Teaching and Learning". Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science. WebSci '19. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery: 71–80. doi:10.1145/3292522.3326022. ISBN 978-1-4503-6202-3.
  6. ^ a b Steven, Rochelle; Barnes, Megan; Garnett, Stephen T.; Garrard, Georgia; O'Connor, James; Oliver, Jessica L.; Robinson, Cathy; Tulloch, Ayesha; Fuller, Richard A. (2019-10). "Aligning citizen science with best practice: Threatened species conservation in Australia". Conservation Science and Practice. 1 (10). doi:10.1111/csp2.100. ISSN 2578-4854. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Soanes, Kylie; Cranney, Kate; Dade, Marie C.; Edwards, Amy M.; Palavalli-Nettimi, Ravindra; Doherty, Tim S. (2020-02). "How to work with children and animals: A guide for school-based citizen science in wildlife research: School-based citizen science for wildlife research". Austral Ecology. 45 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1111/aec.12836. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ R. Kerson (1989). "Lab for the Environment". MIT Technology Review. Vol. 92, no. 1. pp. 11–12.
  9. ^ a b c d Lotfian, Maryam; Ingensand, Jens; Brovelli, Maria Antonia (2021-07-20). "The Partnership of Citizen Science and Machine Learning: Benefits, Risks, and Future Challenges for Engagement, Data Collection, and Data Quality". Sustainability. 13 (14): 8087. doi:10.3390/su13148087. ISSN 2071-1050.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Simpson, Robert; Page, Kevin R.; De Roure, David (2014-04-07). "Zooniverse: observing the world's largest citizen science platform". Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web. WWW '14 Companion. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery: 1049–1054. doi:10.1145/2567948.2579215. ISBN 978-1-4503-2745-9.
  11. ^ a b c La Sorte, Frank A.; Somveille, Marius (2020-01). "Survey completeness of a global citizen‐science database of bird occurrence". Ecography. 43 (1): 34–43. doi:10.1111/ecog.04632. ISSN 0906-7590. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Bird, Tomas J.; Bates, Amanda E.; Lefcheck, Jonathan S.; Hill, Nicole A.; Thomson, Russell J.; Edgar, Graham J.; Stuart-Smith, Rick D.; Wotherspoon, Simon; Krkosek, Martin; Stuart-Smith, Jemina F.; Pecl, Gretta T.; Barrett, Neville; Frusher, Stewart (2014-05-01). "Statistical solutions for error and bias in global citizen science datasets". Biological Conservation. 173: 144–154. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.07.037. ISSN 0006-3207.
  13. ^ Resnik, David B.; Elliott, Kevin C.; Miller, Aubrey K. (2015-12-01). "A framework for addressing ethical issues in citizen science". Environmental Science & Policy. 54: 475–481. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.05.008. ISSN 1462-9011.
  14. ^ a b Irwin, Alan (1995). Citizen science : a study of people, expertise, and sustainable development. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-20239-2. OCLC 276791723.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Strasser, Bruno J.; Baudry, Jérôme; Mahr, Dana; Sanchez, Gabriela; Tancoigne, Elise (2018-10-30). ""Citizen Science"? Rethinking Science and Public Participation". Science & Technology Studies: 52–76. doi:10.23987/sts.60425. ISSN 2243-4690.
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