User:SuperWIKI/List of United States Navy vice admirals from 1990 to 1999

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Flag of a Navy vice admiral

This is a list of vice admirals in the United States Navy from 1990 to 1999. The rank of vice admiral (or three-star admiral) is the second-highest rank normally achievable in the U.S. Navy, and the first to have a specified number of appointments set by statute. It ranks above rear admiral (two-star admiral) and below admiral (four-star admiral).

There have been ??? vice admirals in the U.S. Navy from 1990 to 1999, ?? of whom were promoted to four-star admiral. All ??? achieved that rank while on active duty in the U.S. Navy. Admirals entered the Navy via several paths: ?? were commissioned via the U.S. Naval Academy (USNA), ?? via Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) at a civilian university, ?? via Officer Candidate School (OCS), ?? via Aviation Officer Candidate School (AOCS), ?? via direct commission (direct), and ?? via the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA).

List of admirals[edit]

Entries in the following list of vice admirals are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer was promoted to that rank while on active duty, or by an asterisk (*) if the officer did not serve in that rank while on active duty. Each entry lists the admiral's name, date of rank,[a] active-duty positions held while serving at three-star rank,[b] number of years of active-duty service at three-star rank (Yrs),[c] year commissioned and source of commission,[d] number of years in commission when promoted to three-star rank (YC),[e] and other biographical notes.[f]

List of U.S. Navy vice admirals from 1990 to 1999
# Name Photo Date of rank[a] Position[b] Yrs[c] Commission[d] YC[e] Notes[f]
* Robert J. Kelly 5 Feb 1990  
  • Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Plans, Policy and Operations/Senior Navy Representative, U.N. Military Staff Committee (DCNO OP-06/Sr. Navy Rep), 1990–1991.
 1 1959 (USNA) 31 (1938–        ) Promoted to admiral, 1 Mar 1991.
1 Francis R. Donovan 5 Mar 1990   2 1959 (USNA)[g] 31 (1934–2014)[1]
2 Michael P. Kalleres 4 May 1990   4 1962 (NROTC) 28 (1939–2010)[2]
3 J. Guy Reynolds 1 Jul 1990  
  • Director, Office of Test and Evaluation and Technology Requirements (OPNAV OP-098/Director for RDT&E), 1989–1992.
 2 1959 (USNA) 31 (1938–2010)[3]
4 Stephen F. Loftus 14 Jan 1991  
  • Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Logistics (DCNO OP-04), 1990–1992.
  • Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Logistics (DCNO N4), 1992–1994.
 3 1956 (NROTC) 35 (1933–        )
* Henry G. Chiles Jr. 1 Feb 1991   3 1960 (USNA) 31 (1938–        )[h] Promoted to admiral, 14 Feb 1994.
* J. Paul Reason 1 Feb 1991   5 1965 (USNA) 26 (1941–        ) Promoted to admiral, 1 Feb 1997.
* William A. Owens 1 Feb 1991   2 1962 (USNA) 29 (1940–        )[i] Promoted to admiral, 1 Mar 1994.
5 William A. Dougherty Jr. 1 Feb 1991   2 1957 (USNA)[4] 34 (1936–2021)
6 Edwin R. Kohn Jr. 1 Feb 1991   3 1955 (NROTC) 36 (1931–2009)
7 David M. Bennett 1 Feb 1991   4 1958 (OCS)[j] 33 (1934–2022)
8 William C. Bowes 22 Mar 1991   5 1963 (NROTC) 28 (1942–        )
9 Jerry L. Unruh 16 Apr 1991   3 1961 (AOCS)[k] 30 (1939–        )
* Richard C. Macke 24 May 1991   3 1960 (USNA) 31 (1939–2022)[h] Promoted to admiral, 1 Oct 1994.
10 Edward W. Clexton Jr. 3 Jun 1991   2 1960 (USNA) 31 (1937–        ) Son of Navy rear admiral Edward W. Clexton.
11 Kenneth C. Malley 20 Jun 1991   3 1957 (USNA) 34 (1934–        )
* Leighton W. Smith Jr. 26 Jun 1991  
  • Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Plans, Policy and Operations/Senior Navy Representative, U.N. Military Staff Committee (DCNO OP-06/Sr. Navy Rep), 1991–1994.
 3 1962 (USNA) 29 (1939–        )[h] Promoted to admiral, 1 May 1994. Nephew of Navy four-star admiral Harold Page Smith.
12 Donald F. Hagen 1 Jul 1991   4 1964 (direct)[l] 27 (1938–        ) Medical Corps. Executive Vice Chancellor, University of Kansas Medical Center, 1995–2004.
13 Anthony A. Less 1 Sep 1991   3 1960 (AOCS)[8] 31 (1937–        )
14 Michael C. Colley 1 Oct 1991  
  • Vice Director, Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff, 1991–1992.
  • Deputy Commander in Chief/Chief of Staff, U.S. Strategic Command (DCINCSTRAT), 1992–1993.
  • Deputy Commander in Chief, U.S. Strategic Command (DCINCSTRAT), 1993.
 2 1960 (USNA) 31 (1938–2013)
* Ronald J. Zlatoper 7 Nov 1991  
  • Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Manpower, Personnel and Training/Chief of Naval Personnel (DCNO OP-01/CNP), 1991–1992.
  • Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Manpower, Personnel and Training/Chief of Naval Personnel (DCNO N1/CNP), 1992–1994.
 3 1963 (NROTC) 28 (1942–2022)[h] Promoted to admiral, 5 Oct 1994.
15 J. Michael McConnell 22 May 1992   4 1967 (direct) 25 (1943–        ) Director of National Intelligence, 2007–2009.[9]
* William J. Flanagan Jr. 1 Jul 1992   2 1964 (MMA)[m] 28 (1943–        )[h] Promoted to admiral, 1 Nov 1994.
16 Edward M. Straw 2 Jul 1992   4 1961 (USNA) 31 (1939–        ) Supply Corps.
17 Timothy W. Wright 3 Jul 1992  
  • Commander, United States Seventh Fleet (COMSEVENTHFLT), 1992–1994.
  • Director, Naval Training and Doctrine/Chief, Naval Education and Training (DNT N7/CNET), 1994–1996.
 4 1961 (AOCS) 31 (1940–        )
* Thomas J. Lopez 1 Aug 1992   4 1964 (NROTC) 28 (1940–        )[h] Promoted to admiral, 31 Jul 1996.
18 Norman W. Ray 22 Sep 1992   3 1964 (USNA) 28 (1942–        )
19 Douglas J. Katz 1 Nov 1992   5 1965 (USNA) 27 (1942–        )
20 David B. Robinson 12 Apr 1993   3 1963 (USNA) 30 (1939–        )
21 David E. Frost 30 Jul 1993   3 1963 (USNA) 30 (1941–        )
22 George W. Emery 6 Aug 1993   3 1963 (USNA) 30 (1940–        )
23 Robert J. Spane 26 Oct 1993   3 1962 (USNA) 31 (1940–        )
* Joseph W. Prueher 1 Jan 1994   1 1964 (USNA) 30 (1942–        )[n][h] Promoted to admiral, 1 Jun 1995. U.S. Ambassador to China, 1999–2001.
24 John B. LaPlante 17 Mar 1994   2 1962 (USNA) 32 (1940–        )
25 Richard C. Allen 18 Mar 1994   2 1960 (NAVCAD) 34 (1939–2009)[11]
26 Arthur K. Cebrowski 4 Apr 1994  
  • Director, Space and Electronic Warfare (OPNAV N6), 1994.
  • Director, Command, Control, Communications and Computers, Joint Staff, J6, 1994–1996.
  • Director, Space, Information Warfare, Command and Control (OPNAV N6), 1996–1998.
  • President, Naval War College (Pres. NWC), 1998–2001.
 7 1964 (NROTC) 30 (1942–2005)[12] Director, Office of Force Transformation, 2001–2005.[13]
27 George R. Sterner 1 May 1994   4 1962 (NROTC) 32 (1940–        )
28 William A. Earner Jr. 18 Jul 1994  
  • Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Logistics (DCNO N4), 1994–1996.
 2 1963 (USNA) 31 (1941–        )
* Jay L. Johnson 20 Jul 1994   2 1968 (USNA) 26 (1946–        )[n][o] Promoted to admiral, 1 Apr 1996.
* Frank L. Bowman 1 Sep 1994   2 1966 (NROTC) 28 (1944–        )[p] Promoted to admiral, 1 Oct 1996.
* Archie R. Clemins 1 Oct 1994   2 1966 (NROTC) 28 (1943–2020)[h] Promoted to admiral, 1 Jan 1997.
29 Philip M. Quast 1 Oct 1994   3 1961 (NROTC) 33 (1939–2019)[14]
30 Conrad C. Lautenbacher Jr. 1 Oct 1994  
  • Commander, U.S. Third Fleet (COMTHIRDFLT), 1994–1996.
  • Director, Office of Program Appraisal, 1996–1997.
  • Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Resources, Warfare Requirements and Assessments (DCNO N8), 1997–2000.
 6 1964 (USNA) 30 (1942–        ) U.S. Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere, 2001–2008.[15][16]
31 John S. Redd 5 Oct 1994   4 1966 (USNA) 28 (1944–        ) Deputy Administrator, Coalition Provisional Authority, 2004; Director, National Counterterrorism Center, 2005–2007.[17]
* Harold W. Gehman Jr. 1 Nov 1994   2 1965 (NROTC) 29 (1942–        )[n][h] Promoted to admiral, 1 Oct 1996.
32 Walter J. Davis Jr. 1 Nov 1994  
  • Director, Space and Electronic Warfare (OPNAV N6), 1994–1996.
  • Director, Space, Information Warfare, Command and Control (OPNAV N6), 1996.
 2 1959 (NROTC) 35 (1936–        )
33 John A. Lockard 10 Mar 1995   5 1964 (NAVCAD) 31 (1944–        )
* Donald L. Pilling 1 Jun 1995   2 1965 (USNA) 30 (1943–2006)[n] Promoted to admiral, 30 Oct 1997.
34 Harold M. Koenig 1 Aug 1995   3 1966 (direct) 32 (1940–        ) Medical Corps.
35 James R. Fitzgerald 1 Sep 1995   2 1962 (NROTC) 33 (1939–        )
* Dennis C. Blair 31 Oct 1995  
  • Associate Director of Central Intelligence, Military Support (ADCI/MS), 1995–1996.
  • Director, Joint Staff (DJS), 1996–1998.
 3 1968 (USNA) 27 (1947–        )[h] Promoted to admiral, 1 May 1999. President, Institute for Defense Analyses, 2003–2006; Director of National Intelligence, 2009–2010.
36 Brett M. Bennitt 1 Mar 1996   2 1964 (USNA) 32 (1942–        )
37 Dennis A. Jones 11 Mar 1996   2 1965 (USNA) 31 (1940–        )
* Vernon E. Clark 1 Apr 1996   3 1968 (OCS) 28 (1944–        )[h][o] Promoted to admiral, 1 Nov 1999.
38 John J. Mazach 1 Apr 1996   2 1966 (NROTC) 30 (1944–        )
39 Alexander J. Krekich 1 Jun 1996   2 1964 (USNA) 32 (1943–        )
* Richard W. Mies 1 Jul 1996   2 1967 (USNA) 29 (1944–        )[h] Promoted to admiral, 1 Aug 1998.
40 Patricia A. Tracey 17 Jul 1996  
  • Director, Naval Training and Doctrine/Chief, Naval Education and Training (DNT N7/CNET), 1996–1998.
  • Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Personnel Policy, 1998–2001.
  • Director, Navy Staff (DNS/N09B), 2001–2004.
 8 1970 (OCS) 26 (1950–        ) First woman to achieve the rank of vice admiral in the Navy.
* Thomas B. Fargo 1 Aug 1996   2 1970 (USNA) 26 (1948–        )[h] Promoted to admiral, 1 Dec 1999.
* Charles S. Abbot 1 Aug 1996   2 1966 (USNA) 30 (1945–        ) Promoted to admiral, 1 Sep 1998. Deputy Director, Office of Homeland Security, 2001–2003. Son of Navy rear admiral James L. Abbot IV.
41 Lyle G. Bien 2 Aug 1996   2 1967 (AOCS)[18] 29 (1945–        )
* William J. Fallon 20 Sep 1996   2 1967 (NROTC) 29 (1944–        )[n][q] Promoted to admiral, 1 Nov 2000.
42 Daniel T. Oliver 20 Sep 1996   3 1964 (NROTC) 32 (1945–        )
43 William J. Hancock 20 Sep 1996  
  • Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Logistics (DCNO N4), 1996–1998.
 2 1965 (USNA) 31 (1942–        )
* Robert J. Natter 1 Oct 1996  
  • Commander, U.S. Seventh Fleet (COMSEVENTHFLT), 1996–1998.
  • Director, Space, Information Warfare, Command and Control (OPNAV N6), 1998.
  • Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Plans, Policy and Operations (DCNO N3/N5), 1998–2000.
 4 1967 (USNA)[r] 29 (1942–        )[h] Promoted to admiral, 1 Sep 2000.

1997 (CHECKED)[edit]

Entries in the following list of vice admirals are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer was promoted to that rank while on active duty, or by an asterisk (*) if the officer did not serve in that rank while on active duty. Each entry lists the admiral's name, date of rank,[a] active-duty positions held while serving at three-star rank,[b] number of years of active-duty service at three-star rank (Yrs),[c] year commissioned and source of commission,[d] number of years in commission when promoted to three-star rank (YC),[e] and other biographical notes.[f]

List of U.S. Navy vice admirals from 1990 to 1999
# Name Photo Date of rank[a] Position[b] Yrs[c] Commission[d] YC[e] Notes[f]
44 Herbert A. Browne II 1 Jan 1997   3 1966 (NROTC)[s] 31 (1943–        )
* James O. Ellis Jr. 1 Feb 1997  
  • Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Plans, Policy and Operations (DCNO N3/N5), 1996–1998.
 1 1969 (USNA) 28 (1947–        )[h] Promoted to admiral, 1 Jan 1999.
45 James B. Perkins III 1 Apr 1997   2 1964 (USNA) 33 (1942–2021)[21]
46 Lee F. Gunn 1 Aug 1997   3 1965 (NROTC)[t] 32 (1942–        )
47 Henry C. Giffin III 1 Aug 1997   3 1967 (USNA) 30 (1945–        )

1998[edit]

Entries in the following list of vice admirals are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer was promoted to that rank while on active duty, or by an asterisk (*) if the officer did not serve in that rank while on active duty. Each entry lists the admiral's name, date of rank,[a] active-duty positions held while serving at three-star rank,[b] number of years of active-duty service at three-star rank (Yrs),[c] year commissioned and source of commission,[d] number of years in commission when promoted to three-star rank (YC),[e] and other biographical notes.[f]

List of U.S. Navy vice admirals from 1990 to 1999
# Name Photo Date of rank[a] Position[b] Yrs[c] Commission[d] YC[e] Notes[f]
? Michael L. Bowman 16 Jan 1998   2 1965 (AOCS) 33 (1948–        )
? George P. Nanos Jr. 26 May 1998   4 1967 (USNA) 31 (1945–        ) Director, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2003–2005.[22]
? John R. Ryan 4 Jun 1998   4 1967 (USNA) 31 (1945–        ) President, State University of New York Maritime College, 2002–2005; Chancellor, State University of New York, 2005–2007.[23][24]
? Daniel J. Murphy Jr. 25 Jun 1998   2 1970 (USNA) 28 (1948–        ) Son of Navy four-star admiral Daniel J. Murphy.
? Richard A. Nelson 30 Jun 1998   3 1967 (direct) 31 (1941–        ) Medical Corps.
? Charles W. Moore Jr. 27 Jul 1998   6 1968 (USNA) 30 (1946–        )
? John W. Craine Jr. 30 Jul 1998  
  • Director, Naval Training and Doctrine/Chief, Naval Education and Training (DNT N7/CNET), 1998–2000.
  • Chief, Naval Education and Training (CNET), 2000–2001.
 3 1968 (USNA) 30 (1945–        ) President, State University of New York Maritime College, 2006–2011.[25]
* Edmund P. Giambastiani Jr. 1 Aug 1998[26] 4 1970 (USNA) 28 (1948–        )[u][i] Promoted to admiral, 2 Oct 2002.
* Walter F. Doran 12 Aug 1998   4 1967 (NROTC) 31 (1945–        ) Promoted to admiral, 4 May 2002.
? Dennis V. McGinn 25 Sep 1998  
  • Commander, U.S. Third Fleet (COMTHIRDFLT), 1998–2000.
  • Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Warfare Requirements and Programs (DCNO N6/N7), 2000–2002.
 4 1967 (USNA) 31 (1945–        ) U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Energy, Installations and Environment, 2013–2017.[27]


VADM James F. Amerault - 07/30/1998

VADM Joseph S. Mobley - 07/30/1998

VADM Edward Moore Jr. - 07/30/1998

VADM Scott A. Fry - 10/10/1998

1999[edit]

Entries in the following list of vice admirals are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer was promoted to that rank while on active duty, or by an asterisk (*) if the officer did not serve in that rank while on active duty. Each entry lists the admiral's name, date of rank,[a] active-duty positions held while serving at three-star rank,[b] number of years of active-duty service at three-star rank (Yrs),[c] year commissioned and source of commission,[d] number of years in commission when promoted to three-star rank (YC),[e] and other biographical notes.[f]

List of U.S. Navy vice admirals from 1990 to 1999
# Name Photo Date of rank[a] Position[b] Yrs[c] Commission[d] YC[e] Notes[f]
1 Gordon S. Holder 1 Mar 2000   4 1968 (OCS) 32 (1946–        )

History[edit]

See also: List of United States Navy vice admirals on active duty before 1960 § History

Civil War[edit]

Stephen C. Rowan

The grade of vice admiral in the United States Navy was created by Congress in December 1864 to honor David G. Farragut for his victory at the Battle of Mobile Bay during the American Civil War. The promotion made Farragut the senior officer in the Navy but did not give him command of all naval forces, unlike the corresponding grade of lieutenant general that had been revived for Ulysses S. Grant earlier that year.[28] After the war, Farragut was promoted to admiral and his vacated vice admiralcy was filled by David D. Porter. When Farragut died in 1870, Porter succeeded him as admiral and Stephen C. Rowan became vice admiral. Three years later, Congress stopped further promotions to admiral or vice admiral, and the vice admiral grade expired with Rowan in 1890.[29]

After the Spanish–American War, Congress tried to revive the grade to reward William T. Sampson and Winfield S. Schley for winning the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, but the officers feuded bitterly over credit for the victory and their partisans in the Senate could not agree on who would be the senior vice admiral, so neither was promoted.[30][31] Even after Sampson died in 1902, his admirers continued to prevent Schley from being promoted, while Schley's friends blocked all moves to elevate any other officer over him during his lifetime, such as an attempt to promote Robley D. Evans to vice admiral on the retired list in 1909. No new vice admirals were created until after Schley's death in 1911.[32][33]

World War I[edit]

Henry T. Mayo

In 1915, Congress authorized the President to designate the commanders in chief of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Asiatic Fleets to hold the rank of admiral, and their seconds in command the rank of vice admiral. The chief of naval operations (CNO) received the rank of admiral the following year.[34] Because Porter and Rowan had been promoted permanently to vice admiral and then never gone to sea again, Congress made these new ranks strictly ex officio. Upon relinquishing command, an officer lost his designation as admiral or vice admiral and reverted to his permanent grade of rear admiral.[35] The three fleet commanders were immediately made admirals to match the rank of their foreign counterparts, but only the second in command of the Atlantic Fleet, Henry T. Mayo, was designated a vice admiral, since the Pacific and Asiatic Fleets were too small to employ their vice admirals.[36]

Albert Gleaves

When the United States entered World War I, Congress generalized the law to let the President designate up to six commanders of any fleet or subdivision of a fleet to hold ranks higher than rear admiral, of which up to three could be admirals and the rest vice admirals. This allowed William S. Sims to be designated vice admiral as commander of U.S. Naval Forces in European Waters. The other two vice admiral designations went to the Atlantic Fleet's two battleship force commanders.[37] When the Asiatic Fleet's commander in chief retired in December 1918, his four-star designation was transferred to Sims, whose vacated vice admiralcy went to Albert Gleaves, commander of the Atlantic Fleet's cruiser and transport force.[38] By the end of 1918, all three seagoing admirals and all three vice admirals were assigned to the Atlantic and European theaters, including the four-star commander in chief of the Pacific Fleet, who had taken a force to patrol the South Atlantic Ocean.[39]

William L. Rodgers

With the end of hostilities in Europe, the six designations for admirals and vice admirals were redistributed in 1919. The commanders in chief of the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets remained admirals. About half of the major ships in the Atlantic Fleet transferred to the Pacific Fleet, which was now large enough to employ a vice admiral to command its battleship force. A second vice admiral commanded the battleship force of the Atlantic Fleet, and a third vice admiral, Gleaves, commanded its cruiser and transport force. The sixth designation returned to the Asiatic Fleet when Sims left his European command, but its commander in chief, William L. Rodgers, was promoted only to vice admiral since Gleaves was already slated to be its admiral, so for a few months there were four vice admirals and only three admirals, including the CNO.[40]

In September 1919, Gleaves was appointed commander in chief of the Asiatic Fleet with the rank of admiral. Rodgers remained vice admiral in command of Division 1 of the Asiatic Fleet until January 1920, so for the first and only time, the Pacific, Atlantic, and Asiatic Fleets each had an admiral and vice admiral, as originally envisioned in 1915.[41]

Interwar[edit]

In 1922 the three fleets were combined into a single United States Fleet with three admirals and three vice admirals. One admiral served as commander in chief of the United States Fleet (CINCUS), a second admiral as commander in chief of the Asiatic Fleet, and the third admiral as commander in chief of the former Pacific Fleet, now the Battle Fleet. A vice admiral commanded the former Atlantic Fleet, now the Scouting Fleet, and a second vice admiral commanded the battleship divisions of the Battle Fleet.[42] The Battle Fleet and Scouting Fleet became the Battle Force and Scouting Force, respectively, when the United States Fleet was reorganized into type commands in 1931.[43] When the Pacific and Atlantic Fleets were reconstituted in February 1941, CINCUS was dual-hatted as commander in chief of the Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC), and the commander in chief of the Atlantic Fleet was made an admiral by downgrading the Battle Force's commander to vice admiral and its battleship commander to rear admiral.[44]

The third vice admiral designation moved from the Asiatic Fleet to the commander of U.S. Naval Forces in European Waters in 1920 and lapsed when the European force was disbanded in 1929. It was revived the next year for the commander of the Scouting Fleet's light cruiser divisions and subsequently the Scouting Force's cruisers, before migrating in 1935 to the commander of the Battle Force's aircraft.[45]

William V. Pratt

A flag officer in the United States Fleet climbed a cursus honorum that nominally began with command of a battleship division as a rear admiral, followed by command of all battleship divisions in the Battle Force as a vice admiral, then command of the entire Battle Force as an admiral, and finally either CINCUS, the highest office afloat, or CNO, the highest office ashore—or both, in the case of William V. Pratt.[46] Upon leaving the fleet, it was normal for a former three- or four-star commander to revert to his permanent grade of rear admiral and remain on active duty until statutory retirement as president of the Naval War College, commandant of a naval district, or member of the General Board.[34]

Since there were four admirals and only three vice admirals, it was not uncommon to skip the rank of vice admiral entirely, especially for commanders in chief of the Asiatic Fleet, which was seen as a four-star consolation prize for flag officers who were out of the running for CINCUS or CNO.[46] By the early 1940s, neither the CNO (Harold R. Stark), CINCUS (Claude C. Bloch, James O. Richardson), nor CINCPAC (Husband E. Kimmel, Chester W. Nimitz) had ever been a vice admiral.

World War II[edit]

Robert L. Ghormley

In July 1941, Congress authorized the President to designate, at his own discretion, up to nine additional officers to carry the ex officio rank of vice admiral while performing special or unusual duty, for a total of 12 vice admirals in the permanent establishment.[47] The first of the nine new vice admiral designations was assigned to Robert L. Ghormley, then serving as special observer in the U.S. Embassy in London.[48] After the United States entry into World War II in December 1941, the new commander in chief of the Atlantic Fleet, Royal E. Ingersoll, was designated a vice admiral after his predecessor, Ernest J. King, was appointed commander in chief of the United States Fleet (COMINCH, formerly CINCUS) and took the Atlantic Fleet's four-star designation with him.[49] The remaining seven vice admiral slots were quickly filled by the director of the Office of Procurement and Material and the commanders of U.S. Naval Forces, Southwest Pacific; ANZAC Force; the service forces in the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets; and two anti-submarine task forces in the Atlantic Fleet.

Russell Willson

All 12 vice admiral designations were in use by March 1942, when a headquarters reorganization called for two more vice admirals to be vice chief of naval operations and chief of staff to COMINCH. Frederick J. Horne and Russell Willson were nominated to be temporary vice admirals,[50] under a 1941 statute that authorized an unlimited number of appointments in all grades for temporary service during a national emergency, with temporary flag officers needing confirmation by the Senate.[51] The statute technically created temporary grades only up to rear admiral, but the Senate confirmed Horne and Willson as vice admirals anyway,[52] and continued to confirm temporary admirals and vice admirals when nominated. Dozens of temporary vice admirals were appointed during World War II, either to serve in a specified job or simply for the duration of the national emergency.

Postwar[edit]

The Officer Personnel Act of 1947 consolidated the various laws governing vice admiral appointments. Previously, the President had controlled a pool of 12 vice admiral designations that he could assign at his own discretion.[53] In addition, the Senate could confirm an unlimited number of officers nominated by the President to hold the temporary personal grade of vice admiral, either while serving in a particular job or for the duration of a national emergency.[51] Under the new law, all vice admirals had to be confirmed by the Senate, and held that temporary grade only while serving in a particular job. The maximum number of vice admirals was proportional to the total number of flag officers.[54]

The new law also made any former admiral or vice admiral eligible to retire with that rank,[54] simplifying the hodgepodge of rules that had promoted various classes of retirees piecemeal. Originally every designated admiral and vice admiral retired in his permanent grade of rear admiral. In 1930 Congress promoted officers on the retired list to their highest rank held during World War I, which was defined as having ended on 2 July 1921, so John D. McDonald, who became vice admiral on 1 July 1921, was promoted, but William R. Shoemaker, who became vice admiral only a week later, was not.[55][56] In 1942 former fleet commanders were allowed to retire as admiral or vice admiral if they had served in that grade for at least a year, a cutoff that John H. Dayton and Walter R. Sexton both missed by about two weeks. Dayton lived long enough to be advanced back to vice admiral by the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, but Sexton did not.[57]

Lynde D. McCormick

Postwar vice admirals typically headed directorates in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, numbered fleets, type commands, sea frontiers, senior educational institutions like the National War College and the Naval War College, or other interservice or international positions. Upon completing their capstone assignments, many senior flag officers resumed the prewar pattern of remaining on active duty in a lower grade until statutory retirement, in contrast to Army and Air Force general officers who usually preferred to retire immediately to avoid demotion. For example, Lynde D. McCormick reverted from vice admiral to rear admiral but rose again to vice admiral and admiral before dropping to vice admiral for his final assignment.[58]

Tombstone promotions[edit]

Further information: List of United States Navy tombstone vice admirals
David W. Bagley

In 1925 Congress authorized Navy and Marine Corps officers who had been specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat during World War I to retire with the rank of the next higher grade but not its pay. Such honorary increases in rank at retirement were dubbed tombstone promotions, since their only tangible benefit was the right to carve the higher rank on the officer's tombstone.[59][60] Later laws expanded eligibility beyond World War I and to officers already on the retired list. Tombstone promotions were limited in 1947 to duty performed before the end of World War II, meaning before 1 January 1947, and halted entirely in 1959.[61] By 29 May 1959, there were 154 vice admirals on the retired list who had never served on active duty in that rank, not counting those already deceased.[62]

Robert C. Giffen

Dozens of vice admirals received tombstone promotions to admiral.[62] Even if a vice admiral reverted to rear admiral, he could still retire as a vice admiral and then claim a tombstone promotion to admiral, but only if he had satisfactory service in the temporary grade of vice admiral during World War II. For example, Gerald F. Bogan, David W. Bagley, Robert C. Giffen, and Alexander Sharp Jr. all reverted to rear admiral after serving as a vice admiral, and all qualified for a tombstone promotion, but only Bagley was advanced to admiral when he retired.

  • Bogan was confirmed by the Senate to be a temporary vice admiral while commanding the First Task Fleet after World War II, but offended the secretary of the Navy during the so-called Revolt of the Admirals and was relieved of his three-star command only three weeks before he was scheduled to retire with a tombstone promotion to admiral. Instead, he reverted to rear admiral and received a tombstone promotion back to vice admiral.[63][64]
  • Bagley was confirmed by the Senate to be a temporary vice admiral while serving in a succession of jobs during World War II, before reverting to rear admiral. He retired in his highest wartime grade of vice admiral and received a tombstone promotion to admiral.[v][65]
  • Giffen was confirmed by the Senate to be a temporary vice admiral while commanding the Caribbean Sea Frontier during World War II, but was reprimanded for misconduct in that role. Having unsatisfactory service as a vice admiral, he retired as a rear admiral and received a tombstone promotion back to vice admiral.[w][66][67]
  • Sharp was designated by the President to hold the rank of vice admiral while commanding the Service Force, Atlantic Fleet during World War II, but was never confirmed by the Senate to hold the temporary personal grade of vice admiral, unlike Bagley and Giffen. Sharp retired with his highest active-duty rank of vice admiral but was not advanced to admiral because tombstone promotions were based on personal grades, not designated ranks.[65]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Obituary of VADM Francis R. Donovan (August 31, 1934 - May 4, 2014)". Money & King Funeral Home and Cremation Services. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  2. ^ "Obituary of Michael Peter Kalleres (June 28, 1939 – July 18, 2010)". Dignity Memorial. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  3. ^ "Obituary of J. Guy Reynolds". Legacy.com. The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  4. ^ William A. Dougherty Collection. Library of Congress (video). Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  5. ^ Cox, Samuel (19 October 2022). "In Memoriam: Vice Admiral David M. Bennett, USN (Ret.)". Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  6. ^ "Naval Postgraduate School Graduation Exercises" (PDF). CORE. 22 September 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  7. ^ "Career Chronology of Jerry L. Unruh, VADM, USN (Ret.)" (PDF). Early and Pioneer Naval Aviators Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  8. ^ "Career Chronology of Anthony A. Less, VADM, USN (Ret.)" (PDF). Early and Pioneer Naval Aviators Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  9. ^ Mazzetti, Mark; Sanger, David (5 January 2007). "Bush Announces Pick for Intelligence Post". The New York Times. Washington, D. C. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  10. ^ Dorsey, Jack (21 July 1994). "VICE ADM. FLANAGAN YIELDS 2ND FLEET POST; MORE CHANGES ON WAY". Library of Virginia Tech. The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  11. ^ "Obituary for Richard Charles Allen, VADM Ret., USN". Currie Funeral Home and Crematory. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  12. ^ Bernstein, Adam (15 November 2005). "Adm. Arthur Cebrowski Dies". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  13. ^ Rogin, Josh (4 September 2006). "DOD decides to close Office of Force Transformation". Federal Computer Week. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  14. ^ "Obituary for Philip Michael Quast". Lasting Tributes Cremation & Funeral Care. 20 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023.
  15. ^ "Navy Vice Admiral Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Ph.D., Administrator, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration". The White House, Washington D.C. (George W. Bush archive). Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  16. ^ Lite, Jordan (23 September 2008). "NOAA chief Conrad Lautenbacher resigns". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  17. ^ Schmitt, Eric (18 October 2007). "Counterterrorism Leader to Resign". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  18. ^ Raun, Victoria (9 December 1998). "Naval Aviation Legend Retires In Coronado Ceremony". Coronado Eagle and Journal. 88 (50). Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  19. ^ "ADM ROBERT J. NATTER '67, USN (RET.)". United States Naval Academy Alumni Association and Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  20. ^ "VADM Herbert A. Browne, USN". National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  21. ^ "Obituary - James B. Perkins III". Boothbay Register. 7 February 2022. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  22. ^ "Embattled Los Alamos lab director resigns". NBC News. 8 May 2005. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  23. ^ Jaschik, Scott (19 December 2005). "An Admiral for SUNY". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  24. ^ Arenson, Karen (24 May 2007). "SUNY Names Interim Chancellor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  25. ^ "Memorandum on the Appointment of Rear Admiral Wendi B. Carpenter as President of the State University of New York Maritime College" (PDF). State University of New York. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  26. ^ "Nominations Before The Senate Armed Services Committee, First Session, 109th Congress" (PDF). GovInfo. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2006. p. 401. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  27. ^ "Dennis McGinn, Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Energy, Installations & Environment)" (PDF). U.S. Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  28. ^ "Vice-Admiral Farragut". The New York Times. 23 December 1864. p. 6.
  29. ^ Acts of December 21, 1874 (13 Stat. 420); July 25, 1866 (14 Stat. 222); and January 24, 1873 (17 Stat. 418). Chisholm, pp. 311-313, 349-353.
  30. ^ "Admirals Sampson and Schley". The Army and Navy Journal. 23 February 1901. p. 617.
  31. ^ "Sampson Doomed". The Wilkes-Barre Record. 28 February 1901. p. 5.
  32. ^ "Case Is Lost". The Courier-Journal. 29 January 1902. p. 1.
  33. ^ "Evans No Vice Admiral". The Baltimore Sun. 16 February 1909. p. 2.
  34. ^ a b Peeks, Ryan (October 2016). "Temporary Admirals Might Do". United States Naval Institute Proceedings. 142 (10).
  35. ^ Chisholm, pp. 557, 565, 568. House Report No. 377, 63d Congress, 2d Session: Admirals and Vice Admirals, United States Navy. Government Printing Office. 13 March 1914.
  36. ^ Hearings Before the Committee on Naval Affairs, House of Representatives, Sixty-Fourth Congress, First Session, on Estimates Submitted by the Secretary of the Navy, 1916, Volume 3. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1916. pp. 3565–3566, 3653–3654.
  37. ^ "Two Divisions Of Atlantic Battleship Fleet Announced". The Official Bulletin. 19 July 1917. p. 2.
  38. ^ "Half Of U.S. Navy Soon Will Be Sent To The Pacific Ocean". The Capital. 30 November 1918. p. 1.
  39. ^ Johnson, pp 181–183.
  40. ^ "To Command Our Atlantic Fleet". The Beattie Eagle. 10 July 1919. p. 2.
  41. ^ "Changes Among Navy Flag Officers". Army and Navy Journal. 7 February 1920. p. 698.
  42. ^ Annual Reports of the Navy Department For The Fiscal Year 1923. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1924. p. 122.
  43. ^ Wheeler, pp. 325–326.
  44. ^ King and Whitehill, p. 318.
  45. ^ "Marvell Awarded Vice Admiralcy As Third Of Rank". The Honolulu Advertiser. 14 December 1930. p. 1.
  46. ^ a b Wheeler, pp. 242, 252–255.
  47. ^ Chisholm, pp. 763–764. Hearings Before the Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives on Sundry Legislation Affecting the Naval Establishment, 1941–[1942]: Seventy-Sixth Congress, First–[Second] Session, Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1942. pp. 1426–1433.
  48. ^ Rear Admiral Robert L. Ghormley Advanced To Vice Admiral. Navy Department press release. 20 September 1941.
  49. ^ "Ingersoll Raised To Full Admiral". The Muncie Evening Press. 3 July 1942. p. 2.
  50. ^ "Admiral King Named To Head Operations; Two Are Promoted". The Cincinnati Enquirer. 14 March 1942. p. 7.
  51. ^ a b Acts of July 24, 1941 (55 Stat. 603) and August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat. 886). "Personal Money Allowance—Admirals And Vice Admirals (22 Comp. Gen. 1071)". Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States. Vol. 22. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1943. p. 1071.
  52. ^ Hearings Before the Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives on Sundry Legislation Affecting the Naval Establishment, 1943–[1944]: Seventy-Sixth Congress, First–[Second] Session, Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1944. p. 3202.
  53. ^ Acts of March 3, 1915 (38 Stat. 941); May 22, 1917 (40 Stat. 89); July 17, 1941 (55 Stat. 598); and August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat. 886). Chisholm, pp. 763-764. Congressional Record (June 30, 1941), Vol. 87, Part 1, p. 5727.
  54. ^ a b Act of August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat. 886.)
  55. ^ "Ten Admirals For Life". The Cincinnati Enquirer. 23 August 1930. p. 7.
  56. ^ "Army and Navy News". The Sunday Star. 17 August 1930. p. 65.
  57. ^ "Navy Officers' Elevation Due". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. 10 July 1942. p. 15.
  58. ^ "Biographic Sketch: Vice Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, U.S.N." Naval War College Review. 9 (2): 54–55. October 1956. JSTOR 45183760.
  59. ^ "Navy Officers Make Honorary Rank Bid". The Fresno Bee. 5 August 1959. p. 3.
  60. ^ Hearings Before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Eighty-Sixth Congress, Second Session, Part 3: Financial Statements: Manpower, Personnel, and Reserves. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1960. pp. 742–743.
  61. ^ Acts of March 4, 1925 (43 Stat. 1278); July 17, 1941 (55 Stat. 598); June 6, 1942 (56 Stat. 370); August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat. 886); October 12, 1949 [Career Compensation Act of 1949] (63 Stat. 806); and August 11, 1959 (72 Stat. 337). Patrick, Howard A. (August 1948). "The Effect of Combat Commendation Upon Retirement". United States Naval Institute Proceedings. 74 (8): 957–965.
  62. ^ a b Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, Eighty-Sixth Congress, First Session on S. 1795: A Bill Amending Title 10, United States Code, to Revise Certain Provisions Relating to the Promotion and Involuntary Retirement of Officers of the Regular Components of the Armed Forces. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1959. pp. 25–26, 61–62.
  63. ^ Wooldridge, E. T. (1995). Into the Jet Age: Conflict and Change in Naval Aviation, 1945–1975, An Oral History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 104–105.
  64. ^ "Bogan's Retirement Rank In Jeopardy". News-Pilot. 31 January 1950. p. 12.
  65. ^ a b Court-Martial Order No. 4–1948: Advancement in rank on retired list: special commendation for performance of duty in actual combat. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. April 1948. pp. 127–131.
  66. ^ "Admonish, Reprimand 5 Naval Men". The Windsor Daily Star. 24 May 1946. p. 8.
  67. ^ Investigation of the National Defense Program: Hearings Before A Special Committee Investigating The National Defense Program, United States Senate, Seventy-Ninth Congress, Second Session, Pursuant To S. Res. 55 (79th Congress), Part 33. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1946. pp. 17307–17322, 17539.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Dates of rank are taken, where available, from the U.S. Navy register of active and retired commissioned officers, or the Defense Technical Information Center roster of general and flag officers. The date listed is that of the officer's first promotion to vice admiral. If such a date that qualifies for the above cannot be found, the next date substituted should be that of the officer's assumption of his/her first three-star appointment. Failing which, the officer's first Senate confirmation date to vice admiral should be substituted. For officers promoted to vice admiral on the same date, they should be organized first by date of promotion to four-star rank, number of years spent as a vice admiral, then by the tier of their first listed assignment upon promotion to vice admiral (joint assignments followed by service assignments).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Positions listed are those held by the officer when promoted to vice admiral. Dates listed are for the officer's full tenure, which may predate promotion to three-star rank or postdate retirement from active duty. Positions held in an acting capacity are italicized.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h The number of years of active-duty service at three-star rank is approximated by subtracting the year in the "Date of rank" column from the last year in the "Position" column. Time spent between active-duty three-star assignments is not counted.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h The year commissioned is taken to be the year the officer graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy, or equivalent. Sources of commission are listed in parentheses after the year of commission and include: the United States Naval Academy (USNA); Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) at a civilian university; NROTC at a senior military college such as the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), Norwich University (Norwich), Pennsylvania Military College (PMC), or Widener University (Widener); Officer Candidate School (OCS); the United States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA); the Massachusetts Maritime Academy (MMA); United States Military Academy (USMA); and the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h The number of years in commission before being promoted to three-star rank is approximated by subtracting the year in the "Commission" column from the year in the "Date of rank" column.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Notes include years of birth and death; awards of the Medal of Honor, Congressional Gold Medal, Presidential Medal of Freedom, or honors of similar significance; major government appointments; university presidencies or equivalents; familial relationships with significant military officers or significant government officials such as U.S. Presidents, cabinet secretaries, U.S. Senators, or state governors; and unusual career events such as premature relief or death in office.
  7. ^ Enlisted in 1952; commissioned as ensign in 1959.[1]
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Served as a commander-in-chief (CINC).
  9. ^ a b Served as Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff (VJCS).
  10. ^ Enlisted in U.S. Navy Reserve, 1957; commissioned as ensign in 1958.[5][6]
  11. ^ Enlisted in U.S. Navy Reserve, 1957; commissioned as ensign in 1961.[7]
  12. ^ Enlisted in U.S. Navy Reserve, 1951; commissioned as ensign in Medical Corps in 1964.
  13. ^ Transferred from U.S. Merchant Marine, 1967.
  14. ^ a b c d e Served as Vice Chief of Naval Operations (VCNO).
  15. ^ a b Served as Chief of Naval Operations (CNO).
  16. ^ Served as Director, Naval Reactors.
  17. ^ Served as a combatant commander (CCDR).
  18. ^ Enlisted in 1962; commissioned as ensign in 1967.[19]
  19. ^ Enlisted in 1964; commissioned as ensign in 1966.[20]
  20. ^ Enlisted in 1961; commissioned as ensign in 1965.
  21. ^ Served as Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT).
  22. ^ Confirmed by Senate as vice admiral for temporary service while serving as Commander, Western Sea Frontier, 18 Jan 1944; while serving as Commander, Hawaiian Sea Frontier, 27 Nov 1944; and until detachment from duty as member of the Joint Mexican-United States Defense Commission, 28 Jul 1945. Reverted to rear admiral, 31 Jan 1946; retired as vice admiral and advanced to tombstone admiral, 1 Apr 1947.
  23. ^ Confirmed as vice admiral for temporary service while serving as Commander, Caribbean Sea Frontier, 22 Mar 1944; and until detachment from duty as Commander, Service Force, Atlantic Fleet, 24 Jul 1945. Reverted to rear admiral, 3 Dec 1945; reprimanded for misconduct while Commander, Caribbean Sea Frontier, preventing retirement in highest wartime grade; retired as rear admiral and advanced to tombstone vice admiral, 1 Sep 1946.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Swartz, Peter; Markowitz, Michael (31 December 2009), Organizing OPNAV (1970 - 2009) (PDF), U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command, archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2021 {{citation}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 25 December 2021 suggested (help)
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