User:Tissn/List of authoritarian regimes supported by the United States

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President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump with Abdel Fattah el-Sisi of Egypt and King Salman of Saudi Arabia, in May 2017, around the same time as the 2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal, the largest arms deal in US history, was being finalized.[1]

Over the last century, the United States government has provided, and continues to provide, financial assistance, education, arms, military training and technical support to numerous authoritarian regimes across the world.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] A variety of reasons have been provided to justify the apparent contradictions between support for dictators and the democratic ideals expressed in the United States Constitution.

Reunion of SEATO leaders in Manila, 1966, with the presence of authoritarian leaders Nguyen Cao Ky from South Vietnam (first from left, with Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt at his side), Park Chung-Hee from South Korea (third from the left), Ferdinand Marcos from Philippines (fourth from the left, with New Zealand Prime Minister Keith Holyoake at his right) and Thanom Kittikachorn from Thailand (second from the right, with U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson at his side).

Prior to the Russian Revolution, support for dictators was often based on furthering American economic and political priorities, such as opening foreign markets to American manufacturers.[9] Following the rise of communism, the United States government took advantage of McCarthyite fears to justify overthrowing democratically-elected presidents around the globe, especially in Latin America[10]. The U.S. funded Right-wing opposition to these leaders and after the coups sent abundant aid, credit, and investments in order to persuade the dictators to prioritize U.S. interests. It spent heavily on CIA propaganda campaigns[11] to undermine progressive leaders and destabilize the countries in order to help justify the military stepping in. The fact that the U.S.-backed military tanks met no Communist forces nor stockpiles of Soviet weapons as they seized power did not seem to hinder the U.S. government from continuing to cite anti-Communism as a reason for supporting these coups.[12] In truth, the target countries often held resources the U.S. coveted, such as copper in Chile, iron in Brazil, and tin in Bolivia. Right-wing dictatorships were better safeguards of U.S. and transnational interests than leaders like Allende (Chile) and Goulart (Brazil).[13][14][15] Such assistance continued despite the belief expressed by many that this contradicted the political ideals espoused by the U.S. during the Cold War and despite the fact that the dictators the U.S. installed tortured and murdered tens of thousands of innocent civilians.[16] Continued support of dictatorships even after their human rights abuses were known was geared toward continuing to maintain a conducive environment for American corporate interests abroad, such as the United Fruit Company or Standard Oil.[17][18] While some ideological constructs such as the Truman Doctrine and the Kirkpatrick Doctrine attempted to justify such interventions, they did not justify supporting violators of the Geneva Convention. As of 2017, the U.S. government has neither acknowledged nor apologized for its role in not only suppressing reports of human rights violations caused by these regimes, but its own role in training the torturers, murderers, and death squads via the School of the Americas.[19][20]

From the 1980s onwards, after the Iranian Revolution, the United States government began to fear that its interests would be threatened by the increasingly popular Islamist movements in the Middle East, and began to work to secure cooperative authoritarian regimes in the region, while isolating, weakening, or removing, uncooperative ones.[21] In recent years, many policy analysts and commentators have expressed support for this type of policy, despite that this contradicted the political ideals espoused by the U.S. during the War on Terror, with some believing that regional stability is more important than democracy.[22][23]

Authoritarian regimes currently or recently supported[edit]

President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama with Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow of Turkmenistan, September 2009, one of the most repressive regimes in the world,[24][25] supported with millions of dollars in military aid.[26]

On authoritarian status and lack of freedoms and democracy for specific countries, Freedom House publishes a detailed list annually since 1972.[27]

Date of support Country Regime Refs
2002–present[28]  Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev; Ilham Aliyev [29][30][31][32][33][34]
1991–present[35]  Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa [36][37][38][39]
1994–present[40]  Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah [41][42][43][44]
2000–present[45]  Cameroon Paul Biya [46][47][48]
2000–present[45]  Chad Idriss Déby [49][50][51]
1999–present  Djibouti Ismaïl Omar Guelleh [52][53]
2014–present  Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi [54]
1979–present  Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo [55]
1991–present  Ethiopia Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front [55]
1954–present  Jordan Hashemite Dynasty [56][57]
1992–present  Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev [58][59]
1777–present  Morocco Alaouite dynasty [60]
1970–present  Oman Qaboos bin Said al Said [61]
1972–present  Qatar House of Thani [62][63]
2000–present  Rwanda Paul Kagame [64]
1945–present  Saudi Arabia House of Saud [65][66][61]
1959–present  Singapore People's Action Party [67][67][68]
2011–present  South Sudan Salva Kiir [69]
1994–present  Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon [55]
2014–present  Thailand Prayut Chan-o-cha [70]
2010–present[71]  Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan [72][73][74]
2006–present  Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow [55]
1986–present  Uganda Yoweri Museveni [75]
1971–present  United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates [76]
2016–present  Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev [77]
2011–present  Vietnam Trương Tấn Sang [55]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Fanfare And Deals Dominate Trump's First Day In Saudi Arabia". NPR.org. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  2. ^ Schmitz, David F. (2006-03-13). The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1965-1989. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139455121.
  3. ^ "US: Support for Latin American dictators". wais.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  4. ^ Greenwald, Glenn (2017-05-02). "Trump's Support and Praise of Despots Is Central to the U.S. Tradition, Not a Deviation From It". The Intercept. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  5. ^ Coppa, Frank J. (2006). Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators: From Napoleon to the Present. Peter Lang. ISBN 9780820450100.
  6. ^ "Foreign Military Training and DoD Engagement Activities of Interest, 2016". 2009-2017.state.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  7. ^ "Congressional Budget Justification Foreign Assistance Summary Tables Fiscal Year 2017" (PDF).
  8. ^ Whitney, Rich. "US Support for the World's Dictatorships, Fiscal Year 2015". Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  9. ^ "U.S. History in Context - Document". ic.galegroup.com. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  10. ^ "US: Support for Latin American dictators". wais.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  11. ^ 1940-, Black, Jan Knippers, (1977). United States penetration of Brazil. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812277201. OCLC 2968688. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Encyclopedia of conflicts since World War II. Ciment, James., Hill, Kenneth L., MacMichael, David., Skutsch, Carl. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference. 1999. pp. 358–363. ISBN 0765680041. OCLC 39322978.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. ^ Francis., Adams, (2003). Deepening democracy : global governance and political reform in Latin America. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. ISBN 9780275979713. OCLC 656654353.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ 1949-, McMahon, Robert J., (1999). The limits of empire : the United States and Southeast Asia since World War II. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231108805. OCLC 42330717. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ 1951-, Green, James Naylor, (2010). We cannot remain silent : opposition to the Brazilian military dictatorship in the United States. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 0822347350. OCLC 468973264. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ A century of revolution : insurgent and counterinsurgent violence during Latin America's long cold war. Grandin, Greg, 1962-, Joseph, G. M. (Gilbert Michael), 1947-. Durham [NC]: Duke University Press. 2010. pp. 379–414. ISBN 0822347377. OCLC 609871968.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  17. ^ Encyclopedia of American foreign policy. DeConde, Alexander., Burns, Richard Dean., Logevall, Fredrik, 1963- (2nd ed ed.). New York: Scribner. 2002. p. 499. ISBN 9780684806570. OCLC 48045754. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
  18. ^ A century of revolution : insurgent and counterinsurgent violence during Latin America's long cold war. Grandin, Greg, 1962-, Joseph, G. M. (Gilbert Michael), 1947-. Durham [NC]: Duke University Press. 2010. pp. 397–414. ISBN 0822347377. OCLC 609871968.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  19. ^ Encyclopedia of American foreign policy. DeConde, Alexander., Burns, Richard Dean., Logevall, Fredrik, 1963- (2nd ed ed.). New York: Scribner. 2002. ISBN 9780684806570. OCLC 48045754. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
  20. ^ Noam, Chomsky. The Washington connection and Third World fascism. Herman, Edward S. (2014 Edition ed.). Chicago, Illinois. ISBN 9781608464067. OCLC 875240301. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  21. ^ Countering terrorism and insurgency in the 21st century : international perspectives. Forest, James J. F. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International. 2007. ISBN 9780275990367. OCLC 230811941.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  22. ^ Amitai., Etzioni, (2007). Security first : for a muscular, moral foreign policy. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780300108576. OCLC 173818592.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Cornelia., Beyer, (2008). Violent globalisms : conflict in response to empire. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. p. 62. ISBN 9780754672050. OCLC 145145603.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ "Turkmenistan". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  25. ^ "Turkmenistan 2017/2018". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  26. ^ Nichol, Jim (August 17, 2012). "Turkmenistan: Recent Developments and US Interests" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  27. ^ "Freedom in the World 2018". freedomhouse.org. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  28. ^ Azerbaijan Since Independence. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9780765630049.
  29. ^ "Azerbaijan, U.S. to Expand Military Ties". english.cri.cn. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  30. ^ Daily, John C.K. (2008-01-18). "Analysis: U.S. has ally in Azerbaijan". United Press International. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  31. ^ Ramani, Samuel (2016-01-20). "Three reasons the U.S. won't break with Azerbaijan over its violations of human rights and democratic freedoms". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  32. ^ "Azerbaijan 2017/2018". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  33. ^ "Azerbaijan". freedomhouse.org.
  34. ^ "Azerbaijan-US Relations". azconsulatela.org.
  35. ^ "Bahrain (10/07)". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
  36. ^ "How Obama Caved on Bahrain". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
  37. ^ Katzman, Kenneth (February 15, 2018). "Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  38. ^ Chick, Kristen (14 May 2012). "US resumes arms sales to Bahrain. Activists feel abandoned". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  39. ^ Fisher, Max. "Obama's UN Address and the Bahrain Exception". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
  40. ^ "Brunei". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
  41. ^ "Southeast Asian Development".
  42. ^ Alexander, James (2006). Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 9781860113093.
  43. ^ "Brunei". freedomhouse.org.
  44. ^ Kate Hodal. "Brunei to bring in tough new sharia law". the Guardian.
  45. ^ a b Joseph, Ludwina (June 21, 2001). "IFC Signs Loans for Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project". ifcext.ifc.org. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
  46. ^ "Cameroon". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
  47. ^ "Dictator of the Month: Paul Biya of Cameroon".
  48. ^ "OPINION: US strategy against Boko Haram could backfire".
  49. ^ Fred Hansen, Ketil (2011-04-16). "Chad's relations with Libya, Sudan, France and the US / Publications / Africa / Regions / Home - NOREF". Peacebuilding.no. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
  50. ^ "Chad". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
  51. ^ "Chad 2017/2018". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
  52. ^ "The world's enduring dictators: Ismael Omar Guelleh, Djibouti".
  53. ^ "Djibouti".
  54. ^ "'We Caved'".
  55. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference FP1011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  56. ^ "U.S. Relations With Jordan". U.S. Department of State.
  57. ^ Jordan: Background and U.S. Relations, Jeremy M. Sharp, March 2015
  58. ^ Bush and Kazakh Leader Play Up Partnership, The New York Times
  59. ^ "Kazakhstan". freedomhouse.org.
  60. ^ In 1777 during the American Revolution, Morocco became the first nation to recognize the fledgling United States as an independent nation. The U.S. has had supportive relations with Morocco since. This included the U.S. providing weapons systems to Morocco during the Cold War and since. "Joint Statement by the United States of America and the Kingdom of Morocco". www.whitehouse.gov. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. November 22, 2013. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
  61. ^ a b "5 dictators the U.S. still supports". The Week. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  62. ^ "U.S. Relations With Qatar". U.S. Department of State.
  63. ^ "Qatar". freedomhouse.org. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  64. ^ Sundaram, Anjan. "The Darling Tyrant". POLITICO Magazine. No. March/April 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  65. ^ Josh Rogin. "America's Allies Are Funding ISIS". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  66. ^ "US support for human rights abroad: The case of Saudi Arabia". CSMonitor.com. 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  67. ^ a b "Singapore". freedomhouse.org.
  68. ^ "The U.S.-Singapore Partnership: A Critical Element of U.S. Engagement and Stability in the Asia-Pacific" (PDF). brookings.edu.
  69. ^ Turse, Nick. "Hillary Clinton's State Department Gave South Sudan's Military a Pass for Its Child Soldiers".
  70. ^ Craig Whitlock (7 February 2015). "U.S. military to participate in major exercise in Thailand despite coup". Washington Post.
  71. ^ "How Erdogan Made Turkey Authoritarian Again". theatlantic.com.
  72. ^ "No, Erdogan was not an authoritarian all along". washingtonpost.com.
  73. ^ "Alarm raised on Turkey's drift towards authoritarianism". ft.com.
  74. ^ "Trump Praises Erdogan as Ally in Terrorism Fight, Brushing Aside Tensions". nytimes.com.
  75. ^ Stephanie McCrummen (February 22, 2008). "U.S. Policy in Africa Faulted on Priorities: Security Is Stressed Over Democracy". Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
  76. ^ "Reliable Allies for 41 Years". uae-embassy.org.
  77. ^ http://www.eurasianet.org/node/83746

External links[edit]


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