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Attitudes basic outline

In social psychology, attitudes refer to relatively enduring evaluations or feelings toward a person, group, idea, event, or object.

Researchers study attitudes to explore topics such as persuasion, prejudice, social influence, and behavior change.

Components

• Cognitive Component: This aspect involves the beliefs, thoughts, and knowledge associated with an attitude. It represents the information or ideas that individuals hold about the object of their attitude. For example, if someone has a positive attitude toward environmental conservation, they might hold beliefs about the importance of protecting natural resources.
• Affective Component: The affective component relates to the emotional aspect of attitudes. It reflects the individual's emotional response or feelings toward the object of the attitude. Continuing with the example of environmental conservation, someone with a positive attitude may feel a sense of concern, care, or joy when thinking about efforts to preserve the environment.
• Behavioral Component: The behavioral component involves observable actions or tendencies associated with the attitude. It reflects how individuals are likely to behave or act in relation to the object of their attitude. In the environmental conservation example, someone with a positive attitude might engage in behaviors such as recycling, participating in clean-up efforts, or supporting eco-friendly initiatives.

Features

• Endurance: Attitudes are considered relatively enduring and stable over time. While they can be influenced and modified, they often persist unless there are significant changes in the underlying beliefs, emotions, or behaviors associated with them.
• Consistency: Attitudes tend to exhibit internal consistency, meaning that the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components are aligned. However, inconsistencies can arise, leading to cognitive dissonance, a psychological discomfort that motivates individuals to resolve the inconsistency.
• Accessibility: Attitudes vary in terms of their accessibility, with some being more easily activated or brought to mind than others. Highly accessible attitudes are more likely to influence behavior and decision-making.
• Social Influence: Attitudes can be shaped by social influences, including social norms, peer pressure, and cultural factors. Social interactions and communication play a significant role in the formation, reinforcement, or change of attitudes.

Structure

• Intra-attitude

Change

Internal factors External factors - persuasion

Values, Attitudes, and Ideologies

• Hitlin, Steven; Pinkston, Kevin (2013). "Values, Attitudes, and Ideologies: Explicit and Implicit Constructs Shaping Perception and Action". In DeLamater, John; Ward, Amanda (eds.). Handbook of Social Psychology. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 319–339. ISBN 978-94-007-6771-3. Retrieved 2023-11-26.

Attitudes and Attitude Change

• Bohner, Gerd; Wanke, Michaela (2011). Attitudes and Attitude Change. Frontiers of Social Psychology (1 ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-84169-481-8. ref name="Bohner.2011"

Chapter 2: The measurement of attitudes

• Indirect measurement: (pp. 38-43)
  • Implicit attitudes: A conceptual case for indirect attitude measurement - Implicit association test (pp. 43-47)

Chapter 3: Beyond valence: Structure and strength

Further information: Valence (psychology)

• Intra-attitudinal structure
  • Individual attitudes consist of an object category, an evaluation, and supporting evidence, sometimes referred to as a tripartite structure: thought, feeling, and action.
  • Evaluations include the range of values within which the object is located.
  • Value ranges depend upon the complexity of the object/target. Objects being evaluated with regard to single characteristics will be placed within a single continuum, which may be either unipolar (from neutral to positive or neutral to negative) or bipolar (from positive to negative).(pp. 50-52)
  • For complex objects with many characteristics, responses may be multidimensional, but resolve into a single summary evaluation. For example, attitudes towards eating meat may include both moral concerns (cruelty to animals) and health concerns (eating fat).(p. 54)
  • For an alternative conceptualization, positive and negative dimensions are placed in a two-dimensional space, resulting in four summary evaluations: neutral, positive, negative, and ambivalent.(p. 55)
  • Although several theorists including Fishbein proposed mathematical models for the aggregation of components, there is no support for this reflecting what people actually do, given the role of emotions vs. facts.(pp. 56-58)

• Inter-attitudinal structure: ideologies, or thematically consistent cognitive structures. The degree to which attitudes regarding similar or related objects agree (pp. 59-62)
• Attitude strength (pp. 62-64)

Chapter 4  Nature and nurture as sources of attitudes

• Genetic influences: in humans, genetics may support tendencies and predispositions, but do not determine behavior (pp. 69-73)
• Attitudes may be acquired: mere exposure, conditioning (reinforcement) and imitation (pp. 73-82)

Chapter 5  Attitudes as temporary constructions

• Context influences on information retrieval for attitude construction
• Context influences on evaluations
• How the judgment is put together: Context influences on information use
• Attitudes as temporary constructions versus stable entities: A critical appraisal

Chapter 6  Persuasion: I

• Persuasion processes that require little cognitive effort
• Persuasion through more effortful processing

Chapter 7  Persuasion: II

• The elaboration likelihood model
• The heuristic-systematic model
• Concluding remarks on dual-processing accounts

Chapter 8  Behaviour influences on attitudes

• When sanctions or incentives backfire: Reactance and overjustification
• Incentives versus cognitive dissonance
• Behaviour-induced attitude change and processing effort

Chapter 9  Attitude influences on information processing

• Theoretical assumptions guiding research on attitude-processing links: Consistency, function and structure
• Attitude effects on attention, encoding and exposure
• Attitude effects on judgment and elaboration
• Attitude effects on memory

Chapter 10  Attitude influences on behaviour

• Do attitudes predict behaviour?
• When do attitudes predict behaviour?
• Expectancy-value models: Attitudes toward behaviour and other determinants of behaviour
• Two processes by which attitudes guide behaviour: The MODE model

Contemporary Perspectives on the Psychology of Attitudes

• (ref name="Haddock&Maio.2004")

Introduction and overview

Added to article

The function-structure model - CH.1

According to the classical three-component model, attitudes express beliefs, feelings, and past behaviors regarding the attitude object. Research has provided evidence that these components are empirically distinct, and attitude-relevant feelings and beliefs are also stored separately in memory. Some objects are evaluated based more on feelings, others more on beliefs. However, feelings are necessary as motivation for forming an evaluation and performing behaviors. Individual differences in attitudes are effected by personality or prior experience.

Handbook of Psychology

• (ref name="Millon_etal.2003")

Introduction, page xiii

Certainly since Gordon Allport’s writings the concept of attitudes and their nature, origins, and behavioral consequences have been at the core of social psychology. To be sure, those issues appear in one form or another throughout most of the chapters in this volume. James M. Olson and Gregory Maio took on the task of presenting what is now known about attitudes in social behavior. This includes the structure of attitudes, the dimensions on which they differ, how they are formed and related to beliefs and values, and their functions in social relations and behavior. Of particular importance is the identification of those issues and questions that should be addressed in future research. For example, the evidence for the distinction between implicit and explicit attitudes opens up several areas worthy of investigation. ... The common focus, of course, consists of the cognitions, attitudes, emotions, self-concepts, and actions of the social participants.

The next chapters consider the dynamics involved in interpersonal and social processes that lead to changes in people’s attitudes and social behavior. Recognizing the important distinction between implicit and explicit attitudes, in their chapter on persuasion and attitude change Richard E. Petty, S. Christian Wheeler, and Zakary L. Tormala report that as yet there is no way to change implicit attitudes.

Thus, the constructs of idiocentrism (self-centered) and allocentrism have been proposed as the psychological manifestations at the level of individual self-definitions, beliefs, and attitudes of individualism and collectivism.(p. 37)

• Personality types and individual differences in attitude formation and expression?
• Each theory of personality has a particular conceptualization of "attitude".

The assumptions of the associative network models have been used to illuminate a wide variety of social-cognitive phenomena. To provide a representative sample, in this chapter we focus on three domains in which such models have been influential: attitudes, stereotypes, and memory for expectancyrelevant material. Fazio (1986) proposed a model of attitude structure that follows from the principles of the associative network models. In his view, an attitude consists of a simple associative structure: a node representing the attitude object, an evaluative node, and a link connecting the two nodes. Of critical importance is the strength of the connecting link. For strong attitudes, the link between the two nodes will be very strong, and any time the node representing the attitude object gets activated, the activation will be likely to spread to the evaluative node, thereby activating the associated attitude. Weak attitudes, however, will tend not to be automatically activated in this way, because the link connecting the attitude object to the evaluation is not likely to conduct enough activation to the evaluation node when the attitude object node gets activated. On the basis of this set of assumptions, Fazio was able to construct a compelling model of the determinants of attitude-behavior consistency. When attitudes are highly accessible (i.e., when the link between the attitude object and the evaluative node is strong), encountering the attitude object is likely to be sufficient to activate the attitude. After it is brought into working memory, the activated attitude can influence the ongoing stream of information processing by biasing the process of interpreting the subjective meaning and perceived behavioral affordances of the immediate situation. But none of this will happen if the attitude is not sufficiently accessible.(p. 261)

Social-Adjustive Motivation The need for belonging and interpersonal acceptance is another powerful motivational force acting on social perceivers, as decades of research on normative social influence have documented (e.g., Baron, Kerr, & Miller, 1992). A major implication of this body of research is that social perceivers will be motivated to perceive the world in ways that win them acceptance and approval and that make them feel like worthy members of their social groups. One major component of this tendency is simple conformity to the impressions and judgments of others. For instance, hearing information that condones or criticizes prejudice can influence the types of attitudes that an individual expresses (e.g., Blanchard, Lilly, & Vaughn, 1991). One might argue that such an effect merely reflects simple compliance with clear situational demands and does not necessarily reflect motivated distortion of the person’s true inner judgments and impressions. However, similar findings have emerged even when relevant social norms are activated in very subtle and indirect ways, and when there is no audience that will be aware of whether the person conformed or failed to conform to the apparent social consensus (Wittenbrink & Henley, 1996).(p. 276)

Chapter 13 - ATTITUDES IN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 299-318

James M. Olson and Gregory R. Maio

Popular culture seems obsessed with the concept of attitude....All of these examples support (albeit indirectly) Gordon Allport’s (1935) famous assertion that attitude is one of the most indispensable constructs in social psychology.groups of people (e.g., ethnic groups), controversial issues (e.g., legalized abortion), and concrete objects (e.g., pizza). In fact, the potentially unlimited range of attitude objects sometimes causes confusion about the relations between attitudes and other social psychological constructs. For example, there is conceptual overlap between attitudes and values, which are abstract ideals that people consider to be important guiding principles in their lives (e.g., freedom; Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz, 1992). The importance component of values makes them distinct from attitudes (Feather, 1995; Maio & Olson, 1998), because positive attitudes do not imply that the targets are important guiding principles in life. One fundamental attribute of attitudes is that they are subjective—that is, they reflect how a person sees an object and not necessarily how the object actually exists. Consequently, attitudes should be considered a part of the subjective self, which is the stream of thoughts, feelings, and actions that govern how someone lives (James, 1890).

WHAT ATTITUDES ARE AND WHAT ATTITUDES ARE NOT 299

When they define attitudes, social psychologists focus on the tendency to like or dislike an attitude object or behavior. That is, attitudes are defined as tendencies to evaluate objects favorably or unfavorably (Bem, 1970; Eagly & Chaiken, 1993; Fazio, 1990; Olson & Zanna, 1993; Petty, Wegener, & Fabrigar, 1997; Wood, 2000). Attitudes can be directed toward any identifiable object in our environment, including

STRUCTURE OF ATTITUDES 300

• • Attitude Content 300
  • The Dimensionality of Attitudes 303
  • Alternative Attitude Measures 304
  • Implicit Attitudes 305

ATTITUDE FUNCTIONS 305

• • Object Appraisal 306
  • Instrumental Versus Symbolic Attitudes 306

ATTITUDES AND HIGHER-ORDER CONSTRUCTS 307

• • Interattitude Structure 307
  • Relations Between Attitudes, Values, and Ideologies 308

CHARACTERISTICS OF ATTITUDES 309

• • Extremity 309
  • Direct-Indirect Experience 309
  • Accessibility 309
  • Embeddedness 309
  • Evaluative Consistency 309
  • Ambivalence 310
  • Strength: An Integrative Concept? 310

ATTITUDE FORMATION 311

• • Cognitive Processes 311
  • Affective Processes 311
  • Behavioral Processes 312
  • Biological Processes 312

ATTITUDES AND INFORMATION PROCESSING 313

• • Selective Attention 313
  • Selective Perception 313
  • Selective Memory 314
  • Attitude Polarization 314

ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR 314

• • Compatibility of Attitude and Behavior Measures 315
  • Nature of the Behavior 315
  • Nature of the Attitude 316
  • Personality Variables 316
  • Composite Model of Attitude-Behavior Consistency 317
  • Applications to Social Behavior 317

Chapter 15 - PERSUASION AND ATTITUDE CHANGE 353

Richard E. Petty, S. Christian Wheeler, and Zakary L. Tormala

Attitude structure and function

• Breckler, Steven James; Greenwald, Anthony G.; Pratkanis, Anthony R. (2014). Attitude structure and function. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-8058-0323-5.

Attitude Structure and Function 1989

• Pratkanis, Anthony R., ed. (1989). Attitude Structure and Function. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-8058-0323-5.

CH1 - Why are Attitudes Important? - Anthony G. Greenwald

• • What Answers Have Been Offered?
  • Why has it Been so Difficult to Demonstrate the Importance of Attitudes? 3
  • Conclusion: Implications for the Concept of Attitude 8

CH2 - Interdependence of Attitude Theory and Measurement - Thomas M. Ostrom

• • Thurstone: A Case Study of Theory and Measurement 12
  • The Influence of Method on Understanding Attitudes 16
  • The Influence of Theory on Attitude Measurement 21
  • Social Cognition and Attitudes 30
  • Concluding Comments 32

CH3 - The Structure of Individual Attitudes and Attitude Systems - William J. McGuire

• • The Structure of Individual Attitudes 38
  • Structure of Attitude Systems 44
  • Attitude Systems in Relation to Other Systems Within the Person 51
  • Indications for Future Work 57

CH4 - The Cognitive Representation of Attitudes - Anthony R. Pratkanis

• • Previous Conceptualizations of Attitude Structure 72
  • Attitudes and Conceptual Cognitive Processes 75
  • Attitudes and Episodic Memory 82
  • A Sociocognitive Model of Attitude Structure 89

CH5 - The Structural Bases of Consistency Among Political Attitudes Charles M. Judd and Jon A Krosnick

• • Attitude Consistency: Theory and Research 101
  • A Representational Model for the Evaluation of Political Attitude Objects 108
  • Some Empirical Support for These Speculations 116
  • Conclusion 123

CH6 - Structure and Function in Political Belief Systems - Philip E Tetlock

• • Early Personality Research of Cognitive Style and Political Ideology 131
  • Early Support for the Rigidity-of-the-Right Hypothesis 135
  • A Value Pluralism Model of Ideological Reasoning 138
  • Ideology-by-Issue Interactions in Integrative Complexity 142
  • Political Roles and Integrative Complexity 143
  • Concluding Remarks: The Need for a Flexible Functionalist Framework 146

CH7 - On the Power and Functionality of Attitudes - Russell H. Fazio

• • Conceptualizing Attitudes and Attitude Accessibility 154
  • Accessible Attitudes Guide Information Processing 161
  • Accessible Attitudes Guide Behavior 167
  • Accessible Attitudes are Functional 171
  • Further Implications of Attitude Accessibility 174

CH8 - Automatic and Controlled Processes in Prejudice - Patricia G. Devine

• • Socialization Factors: Learning Stereotypes and Prejudice 182
  • Stereotypes Versus Personal Beliefs: An Integrative Model 184
  • Beyond Stereotypes and Personal Beliefs: The Role of Situational Factors 200
  • Conclusions 204

CH9 Attitudes, Decisions, and Habits as Determinants of Repeated Behavior 213

• • David L Ronis, J. Frank Yates, and John P. Kirscht The Utilitarian Function of Attitudes and **Attitude-Behavior Consistency 214
  • Importance of Repeated Behaviors 215
  • Decisions Versus Habits 218
  • The Utilitarian Function (or Nonfunction) of Attitudes Among Habitual Behaviors 220
  • Why do People Make Decisions? 223
  • Decision Processes 224
  • From Decisions to Behaviors 228
  • Elimination of a Bad Habit 232
  • Directions for Research 234
  • Summary 235

CH10 Attitude Structure and Behavior

• • The Structure of Attitudes 241
  • A Causal Chain Perspective: Beliefs Attitudes, Intentions, and Behavior 247
  • Attitude Structure and the Prediction of Behavior 253
  • Summary and Conclusions 267

CH11 Attitude Structure and Function:277

From the Tripartite to the Homeostasis Model of Attitudes John T. Cacioppo, Richard E Petty, and Thomas R Geen

• • Traditional Themes
  • Concluding Comments Regarding Attitude Structure and Function 302

CH12 Operationalizing Functional Theories of Attitude Sharon Shavitt Functions of Attitudes 312

• • New Directions for Operationalizing Functional Theories 321
  • Future Directions in Functional Research 332

CH13 Understanding the Functions of Attitudes- Mark Snyder and Kenneth G. DeBono

• • Functional Theories 339
  • A Strategy for Investigating Functions 343
  • Empirical Investigations: Different Functions for Different People 345
  • Theoretical Considerations Building an Integrative Conceptual Framework 350
  • Conclusion 356

CH14 Beliefs as Possessions 363

• • The Benefits and Costs of Beliefs 370

CH15 Need for Structure in Attitude Formation and Expression David W. Jamieson and Mark P. Zanna

• • The Need for Structure Construct 384
  • What's so Functionally Special About Attitudes? 386
  • Need for Structure and Attitude-Behavior Consistency 387
  • Need for Structure in Attitude Formation 398
  • General Discussion 401

CH16 On Defining Attitude and Attitude Theory- Steven J. Breckler and Elizabeth C. Wiggins

• • The Attitude Concept 407
  • Attitudes and Emotion 409
  • The Representation of Attitudes and Emotion 412
  • Contemporary Attitude Research 416
  • Conclusions 422

CH17 Why Attitudes are Important- Anthony G. Greenwald

• • Attitude Structure: Levels of Representation/Motivation 429
  • Attitude Function: Motivational Orientation of Mental Objects 434
  • Why Attitudes are Important 437

Focus on consumer/business issues

• Minton, Elizabeth A. (2014). Belief systems, religion, and behavioral economics: marketing in multicultural environments. Economics collection (First edition. ed.). New York, New York (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press. ISBN 978-1-60649-704-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

• Kahle, Lynn R.; Valette-Florence, Pierre (2012). Marketplace lifestyles in an age of social media: theory and methods. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-2561-8.

The Handbook of Attitudes, Vol1. (Johnson & Albarracín, 2019)

• 1. Albarracín, Dolores; Sunderrajan, Aashna; Lohmann, Sophie; Chan, Man-pui Sally; Jiang, Duo (2019). "The Psychology of Attitudes, Motivation, and Persuasion". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 3–44. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.

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Although the psychology of attitudes has been influenced by advances in cognitive and biological psychology, attitudes remain the focus of social psychology. Attitudes are learned from others, define group identity, and are maintained by social pressure.

Evaluation has been the key component of attitudes through many conceptualizations. Attitude research is applied in explaining human choices in marketing, political behavior, public health measures. Attitudes towards individuals or groups may be positive (social affinities) or negative (prejudice). Social values are attitudes towards abstractions such as freedom or equality.

Measurement of attitudes have changed from reliance on explicit self-reports to indirect or implicit methods. The difference between attitudes as measured by these methods has been seen as suggesting that they measure two distinct processes, the unconscious and the conscious. Alternatively, the difference between implicit and explicit attitudes suggest that the former are automatic responses while the latter are edited judgments of the same target object. This implies to some that attitudes are not as persistent as originally defined.

A meta-analysis examined the relation between implicit and explicit representations, finding a low correlation between the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and explicit attitude measures. A possible explanation is the difference between categories, such as being about mundane consumer attitudes or others that are socially sensitive. Neuroimaging studies have observed that implicit and explicit mental processing take place in different parts of the brain, indicating that there may also be a neural distinction between the automatic and deliberate processing, which is consistent with implicit measures capturing spontaneous, affective processes, while more deliberate responses include social considerations such as goals and desirability.

A few additional concepts central to the psychology of attitudes and persuasion include behavior, intentions, goals, and beliefs. Behavior is typically defined as the overt acts of an individual and is generally assumed to partly stem from attitudes. Considerable research on

the attitude-behavior relation indicates that attitudes are fairly good predictors of behaviors. For example, a meta-analytic review of the literature has found that the average correlation between attitudes and behavior is r = .52 and that this association varies with a number of established moderators. An intention is a willingness to perform a behavior. Intentions often emerge from broader goals—desirable end states—that can be achieved via multiple, sustained behaviors; are not fully controllable results; and require external help or resources. For example, people develop intentions to increase physical activity with the goal of losing weight, but executing the intended behavior is no guarantee of success. Like attitudes, goals can be specific or general. On the one hand, attitude-behavior researchers have generally studied fairly specific goals, such as the goal to quit smoking. When set, these goals are facilitated by intentions to perform specific actions, like throwing away smoking-related paraphernalia or avoiding friends who smoke. The intention to quit smoking or achieve a similar goal is an excellent predictor of actual behavior. For example, meta-analyses of specific health behaviors, such as condom use and exercise, have yielded average intention-behavior correlations ranging from .44 to .56. On the other hand, traditional goal researchers have studied more general goals, such as the achievement motivation or the affiliation need. These goals have a weak correspondence to specific behaviors, probably because they are carried out over long periods of time and across many domains. For example, achievement or affiliation motivations correspond to personality or stable patterns of behavior and can either be measured or manipulated with methods borrowed from cognitive psychology (e.g., presenting semantically linked words. Perhaps the most general class of all investigated goals entails general action goals, which are generalized goals to engage in action (e.g., activated with instructions such as go), as well as general inaction goals, which are generalized goals not to engage in action (e.g., activated with instructions such as rest). These goals are diffuse desired ends that can mobilize the execution of more specific activities. Action goals imply a need to do irrespective of what one does; inaction goals imply a need to not do, irrespective of the domain. Hence, their activation may trigger the pursuit or interruption of any particular (overt or covert) behavior that is subjectively relevant to the goal.

<<<<

• 2. Krosnick, Jon A.; Judd, Charles M.; Wittenbrink, Bernd (2019). "The Measurement of Attitudes". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 45–106. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 3. Fabrigar, Leandre R.; MacDonald, Tara K.; Wegener, Duane T. (2019). "The Origins and Structure of Attitudes". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 109–157. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 4. Gawronski, Bertram; Brannon, Skylar M. (2019). "Attitudes and the Implicit-Explicit Dualism". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 158–196. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 5. Ajzen, Icek; Fishbein, Martin; Lohmann, Sophie; Albarracín, Dolores (2019). "The Influence of Attitudes on Behavior". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 197–256. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 6. Clore, Gerald L.; Schnall, Simone (2019). "The Influence of Affect on Attitude". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 259–290. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 7. Wegener, Duane T.; Clark, Jason K.; Petty, Richard E.; Albarracín, Dolores (2019). "Cognitive and Metacognitive Processes in Attitude Formation and Change". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 291–331. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 8. Wyer, Jr., Robert S. (2019). "Some Determinants and Consequences of Beliefs: Cognitive, Social, and Motivational". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 332–376. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 9. Earl, Allison; Hall, Michael P. (2019). "Motivational Influences on Attitudes". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 377–403. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 10. Harmon-Jones, Eddie; Armstrong, Joel; Olson, James M.; Albarracín, Dolores (2019). "The Influence of Behavior on Attitudes". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 404–449. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 11. Schwarz, Norbert; Lee, Spike W. S. (2019). "Embodied Cognition and the Construction of Attitudes". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 450–479. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 12. Corlett, Philip R.; Marrouch, Natasza (2019). "Social Cognitive Neuroscience of Attitudes and Beliefs". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 480–519. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 13. Briñol, Pablo; Petty, Richard E. (2019). "The Impact of Individual Differences on Attitudes and Attitude Change". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 520–556. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 14. Johnson, Blair T.; Wolf, Lukas J.; Maio, Gregory R.; Smith-McLallen, Aaron (2019). "Communication-Induced Persuasion or Resistance: Processes and Effects of Who Says What to Whom". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 557–601. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 15. Shavitt, Sharon (2019). "Culture and Attitude Theorizing: Attitudes in Western and Non-Western Contexts". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 602–626. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.
• 16. Johnson, Blair T.; Landrum, Asheley R.; McCloskey, Kiran (2019). "Attitudes in the 21st Century: Accomplishments, Challenges, and Gaps". In Johnson, Blair T.; Albarracín, Dolores (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes: Volume 1: Basic Principles (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 627–652. ISBN 978-1-138-64825-8.

Albarracín

• Albarracin, Dolores (2021). Action and Inaction in a Social World: Predicting and Changing Attitudes and Behavior (1 ed.). Cambridge: University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-81394-5.

New cites

• Visser, Penny S.; Bizer, George Y.; Krosnick, Jon A. (2006-01-01). "Exploring the Latent Structure of Strength‐related Attitude Attributes". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 38. Academic Press. pp. 1–67. Retrieved 2023-11-21.

• Perloff, Richard M. (2016-12-19). The Dynamics of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-32887-2.

• Guyer, Joshua; Fabrigar, Leandre (2015-02-01). "The attitude-behavior link: A review of the history". In J. Wright; J. Berry (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Elsevier.

• Breckler, Steven James; Greenwald, Anthony G.; Pratkanis, Anthony R. (2014). Attitude Structure and Function. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-8058-0323-5.

• Albarracin, Dolores; Johnson, Blair T. (2019). The Handbook of Attitudes. Volume 1, Basic Principles (Second ed.). New York, New York ;: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-17810-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

• Maio, Gregory R.; Haddock, Geoffrey (2010). The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4129-2975-2.

• Peterson, Clarissa (2022). Racial Attitudes in America Today: One Nation, Still Divided. Routledge Series on Identity Politics (1st ed.). United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-00-056664-2.

• Heberlein, Thomas A. (2012). Navigating Environmental Attitudes. Oxford: University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977332-9.

• Forgas, Joseph P.; Cooper, Joel; Crano, William D. (2010). The psychology of attitudes and attitude change. The Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology series ; v. 12. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84872-908-7.

• Petty, Richard E.; Fazio, Russell H.; Brinol, Pablo (2012). Attitudes: Insights from the New Implicit Measures (1 ed.). Hove: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-138-88290-4.

• Greene, Sophia B. (2011). Body Image: Perceptions, Interpretations and Attitudes. Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-61761-992-2.

• Gawronski, Bertram; Strack, Fritz (2012). Cognitive Consistency: A Fundamental Principle in Social Cognition (1 ed.). New York: Guilford Publications. ISBN 978-1-60918-946-4.

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• APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, Volume 1: Attitudes and Social Cognition. APA. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4338-1701-4. Retrieved 2023-11-24.

• The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition. Oxford University Press. 2013-08-22. ISBN 978-0-19-998468-8. Retrieved 2023-11-24.

• The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology. Oxford University Press. 2018-10-09. ISBN 978-0-19-087003-4. Retrieved 2023-11-24.

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