User:Xyl 54/sandbox 14

Sandbox 14

Page History

Title	Written	Posted	Deleted
Blue Riband	April 2019	April 2019 July 2019 November 2019	November 2020
Hales Trophy	April 2019	April 2019 June/July 2019 October/November 2019	November 2020

Completed

• Blue Riband
• Hales Trophy

Frigate

Original

Re-write

Modern frigates are related … Equal in size and capability to the American destroyer escort, frigates are usually less expensive to build and maintain. Anti-submarine escorts had previously been classified as sloops by the Royal Navy, and the Black Swan-class sloops of 1939–1945 were as large as the new types of frigate, and more heavily armed. Twenty-two of these were reclassified as frigates after the war, as were the remaining 24 smaller Castle-class corvettes. The frigate was introduced to remedy… The frigate possessed less offensive firepower and speed than a destroyer, but such qualities were not required for anti-submarine warfare…. The contemporary German Flottenbegleiter ("fleet escorts"), also known as "F-Boats", were essentially frigates. It was not until the Royal Navy's Bay class of 1944 that a British design classified as a "frigate" was produced for fleet use,… The destroyer escort concept came from design studies by the General Board of the United States Navy in 1940, as modified by requirements established by a British commission in 1941 --- --- OP

Other navies, faced with similar requirements found different remedies; only the US navy used the frigate designation, for the Tacoma class which were, in fact, River class frigates built under licence in US shipyards. The Tacomas The need for an anti-submarine vessel that could escort merchant ships ans d trade convoys, and oppose enemy submarines. This put a premium on range and endurance, rather than speed, and a simplified design that could be mass-produced. The US Navy also had a/ built such escort vessels, but classed them as destroyer escorts; however when vessels of this type were / served in the RN, under LL, they were classed as frigates, the Captain class. .. built escort vessels to these requirements The USN also built… Tacomas Other navies France, Germany and Italy already had a small torpedo boat/ suitable vessel in the Tpbt and employed them/these as escorts and ASW vessels. Altho all three employed smaller types in the same capacity. Japan or second class destroyers older, 2nd/ … and did not use the frigate designation. Germany also had a class of fleet escorts (Flott but these were not a success, and only ten were built. --- --- RJ

Escort Destroyer

Original

Re-write

An escort destroyer with United States Navy hull classification symbol DDE was a destroyer (DD) modified for and assigned to a fleet escort role after World War II. These destroyers retained their original hull numbers. Later, in March 1950, the post World War II ASW destroyer (DDK) classification was merged with the DDE classification, resulting in all DDK ships being reclassified as DDE, but again retaining their original hull numbers. On 30 June 1962, the DDE classification was retired, and all DDEs were reclassified as destroyers (DD). Escort destroyers should not be confused with the cheaper, slower, less capable, and more lightly armed World War II destroyer escorts. Gearing class== Fletcher class== Similar modifications were made by the Royal Navy, usually to older, World War I era vessels, to fit them for specific tasks such as convoy work. --- --- OP

Move to Escort destroyer (DDE) Escort destroyer (DDE) is a US Navy post World War II classification for destroyers (DD) modified for and assigned to escort fleets. --- --- RJ

Original

Re-write

Concept== Following the outbreak of World War II, the Royal Navy had inadequate numbers of warships suitable for escort of trade convoys. While more modern destroyers were assigned to screen capital ships, destroyers built during World War I were modified to serve as trade convoy escorts. Four V and W-class destroyers were re-armed with modern anti-aircraft and anti-submarine weapons. Additional V & W destroyers received simpler modifications as shipyard resources became taxed by other wartime needs. The quarterdeck gun was removed to increase depth charge storage, and the after bank of torpedo tubes was replaced by a 3-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft gun for escort of convoys in European coastal waters. Destroyers escorting trans-Atlantic convoys also replaced the forecastle gun with hedgehog, removed all torpedo tubes to improve seaworthiness, and replaced one boiler with additional fuel storage to increase range. Similar modifications were made to former United States destroyers obtained through the Destroyers for Bases Agreement. Anticipating a possible need to defend convoys supplying NATO allies, the United States Navy modified older destroyers during the Cold War. In the absence of hostilities requiring escort of merchant shipping, escort destroyers operated with anti-submarine warfare carrier (CVS) hunter-killer groups. Operational doctrine anticipated each CVS would be accompanied by eight DDEs. Four DDEs would provide a close screen for the CVS while the other four attacked submarines detected by aircraft. --- --- OP

Escort destroyer is a classification for destroyers modified for and assigned to escort fleets. It has been/was used by several navies in the World War II era and post-war. --- --- RJ

Original

Re-write

Escort destroyer (DDE) is a US Navy post World War II classification for destroyers (DD) modified for and assigned to escort fleets. Escort destroyer may also refer to: Hunt-class destroyer, a class of destroyers of the Royal Navy designed to escort convoys River-class destroyer escort, a class of escort destroyers operated by the Royal Australian Navy V and W-class destroyer, a grouping of similar classes of Royal Navy First World War destroyers used for convoy escort in the Second World War F-class escort ship, a class of fleet escorts used by the Kriegsmarine during the Second World War Matsu-class destroyer escort destroyers built by the Imperial Japanese Navy not intended to work with the fleet Tachibana-class destroyer escort destroyers built by the Imperial Japanese Navy not intended to work with the fleet See also== Destroyer escort, a US Navy classification for a smaller, lightly armed warship designed to be used to escort convoys of merchant marine ships Royal Navy#Escort units, the escort fleet, in the form of frigates and destroyers Destroyer escort (disambiguation) Ocean escort --- --- OP

text --- --- RJ

Captains

Captains archive (at Aylmer) Captain class

Operations Operations

1EG (feb 44) Affleck (Gwinner) Balfour Bentley Capel Garlies Gould Gore Hoste Whitaker 1st EG

3EG (dec 43) Duckworth (Mills) Berry Blackwood Cooke Domett Essington Braithwaite Rowley 3rd EG

4EG (Aug 43) Bentinck (Chavasse) Bazley Blackwood Burges Byard Drury Calder Pasley 4th EG

5EG (Apr 44) Aylmer Bickerton (MacIntyre) Bligh Goodson Grindall Keats Kempthorne Tyler (Taylor = SOE 30 Aug 44; ? in Aylmer, then Grindall) (Manners in B2 EG) 5th EG

15EG ? Feb 44) Inglis Lawson Loring Louis (Majendie) Moorsom Mounsey Narborough Dacres 15th EG

21 EG Byron Conn (Hart) Deane Fitzroy Redmill Rupert 21 EG

Support Groups

Support Groups (Roskill II p367

• 1 brewer pelican, sennen, rother, spey, wear, jed
• 2 walker starling, cygnet, wren, kite, whimbrel, wild goose, woodprcker
• 3 mccoy offa, obedient, oribi, orwell, onslaught
• 4 scott-moncrieff inglefield, eclipse, impulsive, icarus, fury
• 5 abel smith biter, pathfinder, obdurate, opportune

Tanker War

[[Tanker War

add what the hell was going on

see Iran Iraq War#US military actions (add year for res 598

sortable tables

[[Iran-Iraq War#U.S. military actions toward Iran
U.S. attention was focused on isolating Iran as well as maintaining freedom of navigation. It criticised Iran's mining of international waters, and sponsored UN Security Council Resolution 598, which passed unanimously on 20 July, under which the U.S. and Iranian forces skirmished during Operation Earnest Will. During Operation Nimble Archer in October 1987, the United States attacked Iranian oil platforms in retaliation for an Iranian attack on the U.S.-flagged Kuwaiti tanker Sea Isle City.

On 14 April 1988, the frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts was badly damaged by an Iranian mine, and 10 sailors were wounded. U.S. forces responded with Operation Praying Mantis on 18 April, the U.S. Navy's largest engagement of surface warships since World War II. Two Iranian oil platforms were destroyed, and five Iranian warships and gunboats were sunk. An American helicopter also crashed. This fighting manifested in the International Court of Justice as Oil Platforms case (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), which was eventually dismissed in 2003.
U.S. shoots down civilian airliner==== In the course of escorts by the U.S. Navy, the cruiser USS Vincennes shot down Iran Air Flight 655 on 3 July 1988, killing all 290 passengers and crew on board.

[[Template IIW Tanker War

• Action of June 5, 1984
• Earnest Will
• Bridgeton incident (add template)
• Prime Chance
• Eager Glacier
• Nimble Archer
• Praying Mantis

( ... add [[USS Stark incident: 17 May 1987

[[Oil Platforms case

fix Facts (clarify what happened

fix Judgement > majority before/first, then minority

[[Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States)

add some detail; re-arrange sentence (Background)

‘whereupon’ to ‘under which’ > fix

References===

Original	Re-write
flur flur flur --- (refs) --- OP	rulf rulf rulf --- (refs) --- RJ

Malta convoys

Types of operation:.

• 1. supply of fighter aircraft via aircraft carrier, from Gibraltar (Club Run)
• 2. supply of high value stores by surface warships (Welshman etc)
• 3. supply of high value stores by submarine (Magic Carpet)
• 4. supply of bulk cargo by clandestine unescorted merchant ship
• 5. supply of bulk cargo by escorted merchant ship(s) in convoy (various designations, ops)

Summary

• 209 ship passages 30 ships lost

Designations

• MF 1-4, MS 1, MW 3-18, ME 3-12, GM 1-2, 1, MG 1-2

Operations:

• Collar, Excess, Temple, Tiger, Propeller, Halberd, Astrologer, untitled, Harpoon, Vigorous, Pedestal, Crupper

Ops:

• MC8, MD2, MD3, MF1, MF 2, MF3, MF4, MF5, independents

Table 1:

• dates, passages, losses

June-dec 40: 51, none

Jan-june 41: 36, 2

July-dec 41: 38, 4

Jan-june 42: 36, 13

July-dec 42: 48, 11

Table 2:

Malta convoys 1940-43/Malta convoys 1940

Name	Departure	Date	Arrival	Date	Ships in convoy	Ships lost	Notes
MF 1	Malta	09/07/40	Alexandria	11/07/40	3	none	-
MS 1	Malta	10/07/40	Alexandria	14/07/40	5	none	-
MF 2	Alexandria	29/08/40	Malta	02/09/40	3	none	-
MF 3	Alexandria	08/10/40	Malta	11/10/40	4	none	-
MF 4	Malta	11/10/40	Alexandria	16/10/40	3	none	-
MW 3	Alexandria	04/11/40	Malta	25/11/40	5	none	-
ME 3	Malta	10/11/40	Alexandria	13/11/40	4	none	-
MW 4	Alexandria	23/11/40	Malta	26/11/40	4	none	-
Op Collar	Gibraltar	25/11/40	Malta	26/11/40	2	none	-
ME 4	Malta	26/11/40	Alexandria	29/11/40	5	none	-
MW 5A	Alexandria	16/12/40	Malta	20/12/40	2	none	-
MW 5B	Alexandria	18/12/40	Malta	20/12/40	5	none	-
ME 5A	Malta	20/12/40	Alexandria	23/12/40	4	none	-
MG 1	Malta	20/12/40	Gibraltar	24/12/40	3	none	-

Malta convoys 1941

Name	Departure	Date	Arrival	Date	Ships in convoy	Ships lost	Notes
Op. Excess	Gibraltar	06/01/41	Malta	10/01/41	1	none	-
MW 5.5	Alexandria	07/01/41	Malta	10/01/41	2	none	-
ME 5.5	Malta	10/01/41	Alexandria	13/01/41	2	none	-
ME 6	Malta	10/01/41	Alexandria	13/01/41	7	none	-
Op. MC 8	Malta	20/02/41	Alexandria	22/02/41	2	none	-
MW 6	Alexandria	19/03/41	Malta	23/03/41	4	none	-
Op. MD 2	Alexandria	18/04/41	Malta	21/04/41	1	none	-
ME 7	Malta	19/04/41	Alexandria	22/04/41	4	none	-
Op. Temple (*)	Gibraltar	28/4/41	Malta	-	1	1	(did not arrive)
Op MD 3	Malta	28/04/41	Alexandria	30/04/41	1	none	-
Op. Tiger	Gibraltar	06/05/41	Alexandria	12/05/41	5	1	-
MW 7A	Alexandria	06/05/41	Malta	10/05/41	4	none	-
MW 7B	Alexandria	05/05.41	Malta	10/05/41	2	none	-
GM 1 (Op Substance**)	Gibraltar	21/07/41	Malta	24/07/41	6	none	-
MG 1	Malta	23/07/41	Gibraltar	26/07/41	7	none	-
Op Propeller (*)	Gibraltar	13/09/41	Malta	19/09/41	1	none	-
Op Halberd/GM 2	Gibraltar	25/09/41	Malta	29/09/41	9	1	-
Op Halberd MG 2	Malta	25/09/41	Gibraltar	29/09/41	1	none	-
Indep (*)	Malta	27/09/41	Gibraltar	30/09/41	2	none	-
Indep (*)	Malta	16/10/41	Gibraltar	19/10/41	1	none	-
Indep (*)	Malta	22/10/41	Gibraltar	27/10/41	3	1	-
Op Astrologer (*)	Gibraltar	12/11/41	Malta	-	1	1	(did not arrive)
Op Astrologer (*)	Gibraltar	14/11/41	Malta	-	1	1	(did not arrive)
untitled	Malta	05/12/41	Alexandria	08/12/41	1	none	-
untitled	Alexandria	15/12/41	Malta	18/12/41	1	none	(? 1st battle of Sirte)
ME 8	Malta	26/12/41	Alexandria	29/12/41	4	none	-

Malta convoys 1942

Name	Departure	Date	Arrival	Date	Ships in convoy	Ships lost	Notes
Op MF 2	Alexandria	06/01/42	Malta	08/01/42	1	none	-
Op MF 2	Malta	06/01/42	Alexandria	08/01/42	1	none	-
Op MF 3/MW 8/ MW 8A	Alexandria	16/01/42	Malta	19/01/42	4	1	-
Op MF 4	Alexandria	24/01/42	Malta	27/01/42	1	none	-
Op MF 4	Malta	25/01/42	Alexandria	28/01/42	2	none	-
Op MF 5/MW 9	Alexandria	12/02/42	Malta	15/02/42	3	2	-
ME 10	Malta	13/02/42	Alexandria	16/02/42	3	none	-
MW 10	Alexandria	20/03/42	MaltaX	23/03/42X	4	4	( ? did not arrive, then)
Op Harpoon (?MW4)	Gibraltar	11/06/42	Malta	15/06/42	5	4	(? 2 ships arrived; both bombed and sunk in harbour)
Op Vigorous (?MW11)	Alexandria	12/06/42	MaltaX	17/06/42X	12	2	(? returned to Alex)
Op Pedestal (listed by Hague CW as MW12)	Gibraltar	10/08/42	Malta	14/08/42	14	9	-
Op MG3 (**)	Port Said, Haifa	10/08/42	-	-	3 + 1	none	(decoy convoy; returned 12/08/42)
Indep (*)	Alexandria	01/11/42	Malta	03/11/42	1	none	-
Op Crupper (*)	Gibraltar	08/11/42	Malta	-	2	2	did not arrive)
MW 13 (Op Stoneage**)	Alexandria	17/11/42	Malta	20/11/42	4	none	-
MW 14 (Op Portcullis**)	Port Said	01/12/42	Malta	05/12/42	5	none	-
MW 15	Port Said	06/12/42	Malta	10/12/42	2	none	-
ME 11	Malta	07/12/42	Port Said	11/12/42	9	none	-
MW 16	Alexandria	11/12/42	Malta	14/12/42	3	none	-
ME 12	Malta	17/12/42	Port Said	20/12/42	4	none	-
MW 17	Alexandria	17/12/42	Malta	21/12/42	2	none	-
MW 18	Alexandria	28/12/42	Malta	31/12/42	2	none	-

Notes

* Listed as clandestine sailings by unescorted merchant ships (see below)

** Not listed in source (Hague: Allied Convoy System p.191)

External links

The supply of Malta 1940-42 at navalhistory.net

Pt 1 : Convoys of 1940, 1941, 1942, inc. convoy operations

Pt 2 : Unescorted merchant ships (various Operation names), Supply of aircraft (Club Runs)

Pt 3 : Supply by air; by surface warship; by submarine (Magic carpet); chronology, warship losses, merchant losses

Sources:

• Arnold Hague : The Allied Convoy System 1939-1945 (2000) ISBN 1 86176 147 3
• Stephen Roskill : The War at Sea 1939-1945 Vol I (1954). ISBN (none)
• Stephen Roskill : The War at Sea 1939-1945 Vol II (1956). ISBN (none)

Magic Carpet

His Majesties submarines 1997 Merriam Press p. 32 The Magic carpet ISBN 9781576380215

1st flotilla, minelayers and other large submarines carried vital supplies to Malta

Porpoise made nine trips, carried supplies of aviation fuel

Rorqual and others maintained a supply of aviation fuel, enabling RAF and FAA to continue operations . In July 1941 the magic carpet carried 126 passengers 84,280 gallons of petrol 83,340 galls kerosene 12 tons of mail 30 tons of general stores 6 tons of munitions, including torpedoes

P Padfield : 1995 War beneath the sea John Murray (pub) ISBN 0-7195-5168-4

p. 258 Larger, older submarines of O, P and R class and River class HMS Clyde, were modified as supply boats, had half their batteries removed to create cargo space, and ran MC service from Alex to Malta Sailed with tanks and ballast tanks and every available space filled with supplies. Unable to make up / supply all of the islands needs , so Pedestal convoy necessary in August.

p. 266 MC was insufficient/ could not bring food for the population, or sufficient aviation fuel, led to Stoneage convoy in November (4 ships, 17-20 Nov 42)

During the week preceding Alamein, RAF beat off massed air raids, destroying 131 aircraft for the loss of 34, of which 21 pilots were saved. Ref Douglas-Hamilton, p. 103 the air battle for Malta 1981

Roskill I

p. 518-9 Air offensives, Jan-May (illustrious blitz) renewed in December Supplies by submarine in this period ‘for a time’ Large minelayers Rorqual & Cachalot used, with ;large carrying capacity, also submarines in transit ‘between this time and the end of the year’ (? june-dec 41) Cachalot caught and sunk in July, successful convoys from the west in July and September

Roskill II

p. 308 During period of Pedestal (Aug 42) three submarines Otus, Rorqual, Clyde, carried supplies of ammunition, torpedoes aviation spirit) to Malta. Most urgent need was fuel for spitfires, MC continued in Sept and October p. 312 Nov 42 faled op to pass disguised merchant ship through to Malta; MC ops continued Parthian, Clyde, with Traveller & Thrasher in trabsit also . On surface, Welshman made run from Gib with torpedoes and concentrated food.. ‘Between them they saved the situation’, enabling Malta garrison/forces f to assist with Torch.

External links:

web pages magic carpet underwater :ubt.net

the malta submarines : w&W

The race to malta : history.net

Supply of Malta 1940-42 pt3 at navalhistory.net

G books: p.32 His Majesties submarines 1997 Merriam Press #The Magic carpet ISBN 9781576380215

Table: Number of Magic Carpet voyages by month.

1940

• June -
• July 1
• August 2
• September -
• October -
• November -
• December -

1941

• January -
• February-
• March-
• April-
• May 4
• June 8
• July 7
• August 5
• September 3
• October 5
• November 4
• December 1

1942

• January 1
• February 2
• March 6
• April 7
• May 5
• June 2
• July 3
• August 5
• September 6
• October 9
• November 4
• December -

Table: Submarines employed, journeys made.

• Pandora 2
• Parthian 6
• Proteus 3
• Olympus 9
• Osiris 4
• Otus 6
• Regent 4
• Cachalot 6
• Porpoise 10
• Rorqual 10
• Clyde 12

(in transit:
1 supply mission en route,
plus extra)

• Thrasher 2
• Thunderbolt 3

(in transit:
1 supply mission en route)

• Saracen
• Talisman
• Taku
• Tetrarch
• Tempest
• Traveller
• Triton
• Turbulent

Malta: Other ops

Sailings by Surface warships

1940

• June | -
• July | -
• August | (Hats)| Gib-M |Valiant, Calcutta, Coventry
• Sept | (MB5) | Alex-M | Gloucester, Liverpool
• Oct | -
• Nov | (Coat) | Gib-M | Barham, ?Bonaventure, Glasgow + 4 D
• “ | - | Gib-M | Newcastle
• ? | (Collar) | Gib-M | Manchester, Southampton
• Dec | -

1941

• January | Gib-M | Gloucester Southampton + 2
• “ | (Excess) | Gib-M | Bonaventure
• “ | Piraeus-M | Orion, Perth
• Feb | Alex-M | Ajax, Orion, Gloucester
• March -
• Apr | (Salient/Dunlop) | Alex-M | Dido, Abdiel
• May | -
• June | -
• July | | Gib-M | Arethusa, Hermione, Manxman + 2
• August | -
• Sept | -
• Oct | -
• Nov | Alex-M | Ajax, Neptune
• Dec | Gib-M | Dido
• “ | (ME 8) | M-Alex | Dido + merchants

1942

• January |-
• Feb | Gib-M | Cleopatra
• “ | M-Alex | Cleopatra
• March | Gib-M | MMLs
• “ | Gib-M | MMLs
• Apr | M-Gib | Havock
• May | Gib-M | Welshman
• ? | (Harpoon) | Clyde-Gib-M | Welshman
• June
• July | Gib-M | Welshman
• August | -
• Sept | -
• Oct |-
• Nov | Pt Said – M | Manxman
• “ | (Analyst) | Clyde-Gib – M | Welshman
• Dec | (Portcullis) | Haifa-Alex-M | Welshman

Clandestine sailing; merchant ships
1940

• (nil)

1941

• Jan-Mar: nil
• Apr |Temple |Str. 28/29.4.41| Parracombe (OG59) |sunk 2.5.41
• May-Aug : nil
• Sep | Propeller | E Guillemot| 13/14.9.41 | Malta 19.9.41
• Oct | indep | Clan MacDonald | M-G 16-19.10.41
• “ | “ | E Guillemot | M-G 22, sunk 24.10.41
• “ | “ | City Lincoln, Dunedin Star | M-G 22-
• “ | “ | Clan Ferguson | M-G 24 – returned; sailed with ME 8
• Nov | Astrologer | E Defender, E Pelican |Str. 12, 14.11.41 |sunk 14, 15.11.41 aircraft
• Dec: nil

1942

• Jan-Sep : nil
• Nov| E Petrel (ex Rodi)|?Levant 1.11.42 | spotted off Cyprus; returned to Famagusta
• Nov|Crupper|Ardeola, Tadorna (KMS 1)| det. ? | captured off Cape Bon
• Dec : nil

Aircraft transfers (Club Runs)

1940

• May| 1st flight 4 Gladiators
• June | (no name) 4 Hurricanes,
• " | Argus 12 Swordfish
• July | Argus 12 Hurricanes
• Nov| Coat| Ark Royal | 3 Fulmars (transit to Illustrious)
• " | White|Argus| 12 Hurricanes
• ? | Excess|

1941

• Excess
• -
• Winch
• Dunlop
• Splice, *Rocket
• Railway I, Railway II
• Substance
• Status I
• Status II
• Call Boy
• Perpetual
• -

1942

• -
• Spotter I
• Spotter II, *Picket I, Picket II
• Calendar
• Bowery, LB
• Style
• Pinpoint
• Bellows, Baritone
• -
• Train
• -
• -

Bridford

Operations:

Roskill I p391, five ships run blockade, all arrive safely = Rubble

Roskill II p125, ten ships attempt to run, 5 sunk/captured, 1 scuttled, 2 return, 2 arrive safely = Performance

Roskill III pt1 p292, paragraph, footnote on blockade runners = Bridford

RoskillIII pt2 p270, supplies for Danish resistance = Moonshine

MTB 502-509 (Conway p. 70)

502, 503, 509 completed as MTBs

504-508 completed as MVs for blockade running

Similar design to MTB 501 (p. 69) = 117ft Camper & Nicolson motor launch

Refs:

Barker, Ralph (2005) The Blockade Busters: Cheating Hitler’s Reich Of Vital War Supplies, Pen & Sword Books Ltd ISBN 1 84415 282 0

Carr, Richard (2008). "The Blockade Runners". Davey, Paxman & Co of Colchester.

"MGB 502 Motor Gun Boats (1941), Royal Navy". Navypedia.

See also:

Operation Rubble

MV Gay Viking (Operation Bridford = redirect)

Fleet Escort

Intro
FE is a designation/ type of warship in use during the 20th century. It describes s warships built with the speed to accompany a main battle fleet and provide protection for capital ships from attack by asymmetric weapons such as torpedoes, mines and bombs carried by small craft such as torpedo boats submarines and aircraft. The designation was in place of, or was in addition to, type designations like destroyer, frigate, minesweeper, but fell out of use/ / have more recently been replaced by them/ been reverted to.

Background
WWI: during the first world War fleet escort duties were generally undertaken by fleet destroyers, usually the most modern of their type Thsi type had been developed to counter the threat of small, fast torpedo boats armed with self-propelled torpedoes that wer ecapable of sinking a capital ship with a single hit. The Tbd was developed The invention of the spt in the 1880s created a weapon capable .. and could be carried by a small, fast vessel To counter this the tbd was developed, which later came to take on the role of the tb itself. Up to and during the FWW main battle fleets/ battle fleets were accompanied by destroyers in a fleet escort role to ward off attacks by such vessels Later the advent of the submarine as a viable weapon increased the danger.

RN at outbreak of FWW had 23 dreadnought battleships and 40 pre-dreadnoughts These operated as a Grand Fleet, with cruisers and .. destroyers, serving in a fleet escort as well as an offensive role

The IGN had during the BoJ, only engagement between the full strength of these two forces the night of 31 June saw a clash between d & tb of both fleets

Inter / WWII In the run up to the SWW the German navy (KM) developed a fleet escort ([[F-class escort ship) to augment the destroyers and torpedo boats in that role. This was a small, fast, all-purpose vessel, equipped to protect against attacks by submarines, mtbs and mines, However they were not a success.

During WWII the RN and the USN employed destroyers in a fleet escort role; later, as the threat from the IJN main battle fleet was from the air/ and the main capital ship became the carrier/ the carrier became... the battleship with its heavy anti-aircraft array became a fleet escort vessel for the vulnerable carriers.

Post war
French, USN

[[Escorteur

• 18 Squadron Escorteurs: 12 T 47 class , 5 T 53 class, 1 T 56 class: bâtiments of 3,000 tons, length 128 to 132 metres (420 to 433 ft), vocation anti-ship, anti-submarine, anti-aerial, picket radar flotilla navigation. They formed until the end of 1980s, the backbone forces of high-seas of the French Navy. For NATO, those were destroyers.

[[List of List of escorteurs of France

• Fleet Escorts – (Escorteurs d'escadre)

Le Surcouf

• Classe T 47 (Surcouf class)
  • Surcouf (D621) 1955–1972
  • Kersaint (D622) 1956–1984
  • Cassard (D623) 1956–1974
  • Bouvet (D624) 1956–1982
  • Dupetit-Thouars (D625) 1957–1988
  • Chevalier Paul (D626) 1957–1971
  • Maillé-Brézé (D627) 1957–1988
  • Vauquelin (D628) 1956–1986
  • D’Estrées (D629) 1957–1985
  • Du Chayla (D630) 1957–1991
  • Casabianca (D631) 1957–1984
  • Guépratte (D632) 1957–1985
• Classe T 53
  • Duperre (D633) 1957–1972
  • La Bourdonnais (D634) 1958–1976
  • Forbin (D635) 1958–1981
  • Tartu (D636) 1958–1979
  • Jauréguiberry (D637) 1958–1977
• Classe T 56 – single ship modified for testing
  • La Galissonière (D638) 1962–1990

Hales Trophy

• Hoverspeed Great Britain

Original	Re-write
In 1990, as Hoverspeed Great Britain, she took the Hales Trophy for the fastest eastbound transatlantic journey, making the run, without passengers, in three days, seven hours and fifty-four minutes, averaging 36.6 knots (67.8 km/h; 42.1 mph). (ref name=faktaomfartyg) --- --- OP	(source doesn’t mention ‘no passengers’, does say she won the Blue Riband for fastest ship across the Atlantic) --- --- RJ

Danish	English
(Danish) 1990 06 11. Ankom New York. 1990 06 19. Avgick New York mot Falmouth i ett försök att erövra Hales Trophy, (Blå bandet för snabbaste fartyg över Atlanten). 1990 06 23. Ankom Falmouth efter en överfart på 3 dagar, 7 timmar och 54 minuter, så man erövrade Hales Trophy. --- ---	(english) 1990 06 11. Arrived in New York. 1990 06 19. Departed New York against Falmouth in an attempt to win the Hales Trophy, (Blue Ribbon for Fastest Ship across the Atlantic). 1990 06 23. Arrived in Falmouth after a crossing of 3 days, 7 hours and 54 minutes, so they won the Hales Trophy. --- ---

Sources

• *Paul Kemp  : U-Boats Destroyed (1997) Arms & Armour ISBN 1-85409-515-3
• * VE Tarrant The U-boat Offensive 1914–1945 (1989) Arms & Armour ISBN 0-85368-928-8
• Rohwer: [1] index of formations
• Rohwer: [2] MOEF jan 42
• Uboat losses: [3] (at Firedrake 1906,<ref>16)
• [4] V & W destroyers