User talk:Bfpage/sandbox

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There are trillions of microbes in the human microbiome, although the entire microbiome only accounts for about for 1-3% total body mass,[1] with some weight-estimates ranging as high as 3 pounds (approximately 48 ounces or 1,400 grams).[n 1] Research into the role that microbiota in the gut might play in the human immune system started in the late 1990s.[4] The microbiome of the gut (the gut flora) has been characterised as a "forgotten organ",[5] and the possibility has been raised that "the mammalian immune system, which seems to be designed to control microorganisms, is in fact controlled by microorganisms".[6] The human microbiome may have a role in autoimmune diseases like diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, and perhaps some cancers.[7] A poor mix of microbes (that is, a dysbiosis) in the gut may also aggravate common obesity.[8][9][10] Since some of the microbes in the human body can modify the regulation of some neurotransmitters, it may be possible to use certain microorganisms to supplement treatments for depression, bipolar disorder and other stress-related psychiatric disorders.[11] Microbiota disruption has also been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders.[12][13][14]

  1. ^ MacDougall, Raymond (13 June 2012). "NIH Human Microbiome Project defines normal bacterial makeup of the body". NIH. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference hmp was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Abbott, Alison (2016). "Scientists bust myth that our bodies have more bacteria than human cells". Nature. Nature Publishing Group. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19136. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  4. ^ Penders, J.; Stobberingh, E. E.; den Brandt, P. A.; Thijs, C. (2007). "The role of the intestinal microbiota in the development of atopic disorders". Allergy. 62 (11): 1223–1236. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01462.x. PMID 17711557.
  5. ^ O'Hara, A. M.; Shanahan, F. (2006). "The gut flora as a forgotten organ". EMBO Reports. 7 (7): 688–693. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400731. PMC 1500832. PMID 16819463.
  6. ^ Round, J. L.; Mazmanian, S. K. (2009). "The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease". Nature Reviews: Immunology. 9 (5): 313–323. doi:10.1038/nri2515.
  7. ^ Wu, Shaoguang; et al. (2009). "A Human Colonic Commensal Promotes Colon Tumorigenesis via Activation of T Helper Type 17 T Cell Responses". Nature Medicine. 15 (9): 1016–1022. doi:10.1038/nm.2015. PMC 3034219. PMID 19701202.
  8. ^ Turnbaugh, Peter J.; et al. (2009). "A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins". Nature. 457 (7228): 480–484. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..480T. doi:10.1038/nature07540. PMC 2677729. PMID 19043404.
  9. ^ Ridaura, Vanessa K.; et al. (2013). "Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice". Science. 341 (6150): 1241214. doi:10.1126/science.1241214.
  10. ^ Turnbaugh, Peter J.; et al. (2006). "An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest". Nature. 444 (7122): 1027–131. Bibcode:2006Natur.444.1027T. doi:10.1038/nature05414. PMID 17183312.
  11. ^ Bravo, Javier A.; et al. (2011). "Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (38): 16050–16055. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10816050B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1102999108. PMC 3179073. PMID 21876150.
  12. ^ Slattery, John; MacFabe, Derrick F.; Kahler, Stephen G.; Frye, Richard E. (2016-09-05). "Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?". Current Pharmaceutical Design. ISSN 1873-4286. PMID 27592717.
  13. ^ Frye, Richard E.; Rose, Shannon; Slattery, John; MacFabe, Derrick F. (2015-01-01). "Gastrointestinal dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: the role of the mitochondria and the enteric microbiome". Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 26: 27458. ISSN 0891-060X. PMC 4425813. PMID 25956238.
  14. ^ Frye, Richard E.; Slattery, John; MacFabe, Derrick F.; Allen-Vercoe, Emma; Parker, William; Rodakis, John; Adams, James B.; Krajmalnik-Brown, Rosa; Bolte, Ellen (2015-01-01). "Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms". Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 26: 26878. ISSN 0891-060X. PMC 4425814. PMID 25956237.


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