Vardit Ravitsky

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Vardit Ravitsky
Born
Jerusalem, Israel
NationalityIsraeli and Canadian
Occupation(s)Bioethicist, researcher, author
TitlePresident and CEO of The Hastings Center
AwardsFellow, Canadian Academy of Health Sciences
Fellow, Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation
Fellow, Hastings Center
Academic background
EducationB.A., Philosophy, Sorbonne University, France
M.A., Philosophy, University of New Mexico, USA
Ph.D., Philosophy, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
Post-Doctoral Fellow, NIH, USA
Alma materBar-Ilan University
ThesisGenetic Intervention and the Shaping of Human Identity
Academic work
InstitutionsDepartment of Medical Ethics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA (2005-2008)
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal (2009 – present)
Harvard Medical School, Harvard University (2021-present)

Vardit Ravitsky is a bioethicist, researcher, and author. She is president and CEO of The Hastings Center, a full professor at the University of Montreal, and a senior lecturer on Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School. She is immediate-past president and current vice-president of the International Association of Bioethics, and the director of Ethics and Health at the Center for Research on Ethics. She is a Fellow of the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation, where she chaired the COVID-19 Impact Committee.[1][2] She is also Fellow of The Hastings Center and of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences.[3]

Ravitsky has published over 200 research articles and commentaries in bioethics, with a focus on the ethical, social, and policy implications of genomics and reproductive technologies. She leads several research projects, funded by the National Institutes of Health and by Canada's national and provincial funding agencies, and has been awarded a McConnell-University of Montreal Research Chair. She is lead editor of the Penn Center Guide to Bioethics.[4]

Education[edit]

Ravitsky holds a bachelor's degree in philosophy from the Sorbonne University in Paris, France and a master's degree in philosophy from the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, USA. In 2004, she completed her Ph.D. in philosophy with a specialization in Bioethics at Bar-Ilan University in Israel. From 2003 to 2005 Ravitsky was a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Department of Clinical Bioethics of the National Institutes of Health and at the Social and Behavioral Research Branch of the National Human Genome Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, USA.[5]

Career[edit]

Ravitsky was a researcher at the Unit for Health Rights and Ethics of the Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research in Israel (2001-2003). In 2005, she accepted a position as assistant professor at Department of Medical Ethics in the School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania. In 2009, she joined the University of Montreal as an assistant professor. She was promoted to associate professor in 2014 and to Full Professor in 2020.[5]

Ravitsky served as a Consultant to Genome Canada (2006-2008), assisting in the development of its GE3LS research program (Genomics and its ethical, environmental, economic, legal, and social implications). From 2008 to 2009 she was senior policy advisor at the Ethics Office of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). In 2018, she was appointed board member of the Canadian Philosophical Association and member of the Genomics & Society Working Group of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). In 2020, she was featured by Genome Canada as a leading Canadian researcher in the area of ethical, social, and policy implications of genomics.[6]

Research[edit]

Ravitsky's research focuses on reproductive ethics and the ethics of genetics and genomics, often targeting new and potentially disruptive technologies. She has studied the implications of emerging biotechnologies for women's reproductive autonomy, patients’ lived experiences, disability rights, and the governance needed to address ethical challenges in these areas. Her research also addresses societal and cultural dimensions of bioethical dilemmas and health policy.[7]

Ravitsky's research is published in academic bioethics journals, as well as clinical journals. Her work explores subjects such as Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT), In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT), germline gene editing, mitochondrial replacement therapy, gamete donation, epigenetics, the status of frozen embryos, posthumous reproduction, and public health approaches to infertility.[7]

Donor conception[edit]

Ravitsky has written about the potential medical and psycho-social issues facing individuals born from gamete (sperm and egg) donation.[8] She argued that their interests to have access to information about their genetic origins should be recognized.[9] She also explored the implications of these interests in the context of cross-border assisted reproduction, where gametes and prospective parents may come from different countries.[10]

Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies[edit]

Ravitsky's research explores various aspects of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). She studied the need for a public health approach to infertility prevention, particularly in the context of advanced maternal age[11] and in the area of male infertility. She analyzed ethical issues related to fertility preservation in pediatric cancer patients, such as prepubescent girls and adolescents. She also studied issues related to post-humous reproduction, such as consent to the use of leftover embryos from In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF)[12] or factors influencing decision-making regarding the post-humous use of sperm. She studied ethical issues related to access to IVF of women with mental illness and to possible epigenetic risks of IVF.[13]

Prenatal testing[edit]

In 2009, Ravitsky started exploring the socio-ethical aspects of Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT), also known as prenatal cell-free DNA testing. She published a paper in Nature Reviews Genetics,[14] arguing that NIPT ought to be implemented without delay due to its potential benefit for pregnant women. In 2011, she participated in the first international workshop on the ethics of NIPT and in 2015 she co-organized an international workshop, exploring NIPT in the Non-Western Context,[15] as well as a workshop at the International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis‘ International Conference, in which patients’ advocates discussed the impact of NIPT on their families and communities.

Since 2013, Ravitsky has co-led the pan-Canadian research project PEGASUS that explores the responsible implementation of NIPT in the Canadian context. She leads a team of researchers studying the ethical, social, and policy issues associated with NIPT, with a focus on the reproductive autonomy of pregnant people and the need to address disability rights when implementing a new prenatal testing technology. She published extensively on these topics.[16] In 2017, she published a paper proposing a conceptual framework for the ethical analysis of NIPT, based on the tension between women's reproductive autonomy and a public health approach to prenatal testing.[17] In 2021 she led the publication of a paper on the emergence and global spread of NIPT.[18]

Genetics and genomics[edit]

Ravitsky has explored various ethical and legal challenges associated with genetic research and genomics-based technologies. In 2006, she published a paper proposing a framework for the disclosure of individual genetic results to research participants.[19] The paper was selected by Essential Science Indicators from Thomson Reuters as the most-cited paper of 2016 in the research area of Social Sciences. It was also named one of the top 5 most cited papers ever published by the American Journal of Bioethics.

She wrote about the ethical and conceptual challenges emerging from epigenetics and about the clinical implementation of Preimplantation Genetic Testing. Her research addresses ethical and policy issues emerging from germline gene editing[20] and mitochondrial replacement therapy.[21] She is member of a group that has explored the need to revise Canadian policy, in particular Canada's 2004 Assisted Human Reproduction Act, to allow research on human embryos using these technologies.[22] In 2022, Ravitsky won competitive NIH grants to co-lead the ethics module of 2 large data-generation projects (one on cell mapping and the other on voice as a biomarker), funded within the Bridge2AI program that seeks to promote health research based on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.[23][24]

End of life and cultural perspectives[edit]

In 2000, Ravitsky was appointed by the Israeli Minister of Health to an expert committee tasked with drafting legislation that would address end-of-life care of dying patients in Israel. The work of the committee resulted in the Dying Patient Law of 2005, that Ravitsky translated to English and has written several papers about.[25] Her work explores the Jewish cultural approach to end-of-life care and the way in which cultural values shape bioethical and policy debates in various societies. She also wrote about the role culture plays in the context of genomics, for example in relation to cloning and gene editing.[26]

Impact on policy making[edit]

In 2015, Ravitsky was invited to write a background paper for the Nuffield Council on Bioethics on the key clinical, ethical, social, legal and policy issues associated with Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT),[27] based on which the council developed a project to explore the topic, resulting in a report.[28] She was also invited to write a paper on the ethical aspects of implementing NIPT for the UK government's National Screening Committee. In 2016 she was invited to present to the Quebec National Assembly regarding ethical aspects of gene editing, and in 2017 she was invited to join an expert group convened by Quebec's Commission on Ethics in Science and Technology to write guidelines on germline gene editing.[29]

Work during COVID-19[edit]

During the COVID-19 global pandemic, Ravitsky supported the work of clinical ethicists in the healthcare system and gave hundreds of media interviews to enhance trust in public health measures, including COVID vaccines. In 2020, she was appointed by the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation as chair of its COVID-19 Impact Committee, where she oversaw the publication of 16 op-eds in national newspapers, designed to inform public debate about the social challenges of the pandemic. The committee produced a declaration and a podcast series.[30] In 2022, she received a public outreach award from the University of Montreal for her work.[31]

Media and public outreach[edit]

Ravitsky has given over 400 interviews in print media, radio, TV, and podcasts. She has appeared in radio shows such as The Current and Quirks and Quarks, and in TV shows such as Enquête, Découverte, and Netflix's A User's Guide to Cheating Death. She has written numerous opinion articles for the popular press including CNN Opinion,[32] the Globe and Mail,[33] the National Post,[34] the Toronto Star, Policy Options[35] and Psychology Today.

Awards and honors[edit]

  • 2017 - Researcher Knowledge Mobilization Award, Quebec Reproduction Network
  • 2018 - Board member, Canadian Philosophical Association (CPA)
  • 2020 – Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences[36]
  • 2020 – Chair of the COVID-19 Impact Committee, Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation[30]
  • 2020 – Fellow of the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation[37]
  • 2020 – Fellow of the Hastings Center[38]

Bibliography[edit]

Books[edit]

  • Public Discourse on Agri-Biotech and GMO in Israel (2003)
  • The Penn Center Guide to Bioethics. (2009)

Selected articles[edit]

  • Vardit Ravitsky & Marie-Christine Roy (first authors), Hazar Haidar, Lidewij Henneman, John Marshall, Ainsley J. Newson, Olivia M.Y. Ngan, & Tamar Nov-Klaiman. The emergence and global spread of non-Invasive Prenatal Testing. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 22(1), 309-338, 2021.
  • I. Glenn Cohen, Eli Y. Adashi & Vardit Ravitsky. "How bans on germline editing deprive patients with mitochondrial disease". Nature Biotechnology 37: 589–592, 2019.
  • Vardit Ravitsky. "The Shifting Landscape of Prenatal Testing: Between Reproductive Autonomy and Public Health". Hastings Center Report, 47 (6): S34-S40. Nov-Dec 2017.
  • Ravitsky Vardit. "'Knowing where you come from': The Rights of Donor-Conceived Individuals and the Meaning of Genetic Relatedness". Minnesota Journal of Law Science & Technology, 11(2): 655–684. 2010.
  • Ravitsky Vardit & Wilfond Benjamin S. "Disclosing Individual Genetic Results to Research Participants". American Journal of Bioethics - Target Article. Nov-Dec; 6(6): pp. 8–17. 2006.
  • Ravitsky Vardit. "Timers on Ventilators". British Medical Journal, Vol. 330, pp. 415–417. 2005

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Vardit Ravitsky".
  2. ^ "Forward together: Introducing the Foundation's COVID-19 Impact Committee".
  3. ^ "CAHS Fellows Directory".
  4. ^ "The Penn Center Guide to Bioethics".
  5. ^ a b "Ravitsky Vardit".
  6. ^ "Eight Questions with GE3LS Researchers - Dr. Vardit Ravitsky".
  7. ^ a b "Vardit Ravitsky - Google Scholar".
  8. ^ Ravitsky, V. (2012). "Conceived and deceived: the medical interests of donor-conceived individuals". The Hastings Center Report. 42 (1): 17–22. doi:10.1002/hast.9. PMID 22616395.
  9. ^ Ravitsky, V. (2014). "Autonomous choice and the right to know one's genetic origins". The Hastings Center Report. 44 (2): 36–37. doi:10.1002/hast.286. PMID 24634046.
  10. ^ Ravitsky, V. (2017). "The right to know one's genetic origins and cross-border medically assisted reproduction". Israel Journal of Health Policy Research. 6: 3. doi:10.1186/s13584-016-0125-0. PMC 5240377. PMID 28105298.
  11. ^ Lemoine, M. E.; Ravitsky, V. (2015). "Sleepwalking into Infertility: The Need for a Public Health Approach towards Advanced Maternal Age". The American Journal of Bioethics. 15 (11): 37–48. doi:10.1080/15265161.2015.1088973. PMID 26575814. S2CID 37451144.
  12. ^ Côté, S.; Affdal, A. O.; Kadoch, I. J.; Hamet, P.; Ravitsky, V. (2014). "Posthumous reproduction with surplus in vitro fertilization embryos: a study exploring users' choices". Fertility and Sterility. 102 (5): 1410–1415. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1202. PMID 25217872.
  13. ^ Roy, M. C.; Dupras, C.; Ravitsky, V. (2017). "The Epigenetic Effects of Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Ethical Considerations". Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. 8 (4): 436–442. doi:10.1017/S2040174417000344. PMID 28535841. S2CID 4779114.
  14. ^ Ravitsky, Vardit (2009). "Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis: an ethical imperative". Nature Reviews Genetics. 10 (10): 733. doi:10.1038/nrg2631-c1. PMID 19763156. S2CID 23110098.
  15. ^ Mozersky, J.; Ravitsky, V.; Rapp, R.; Michie, M.; Chandrasekharan, S.; Allyse, M. (2017). "Toward an Ethically Sensitive Implementation of Noninvasive Prenatal Screening in the Global Context". The Hastings Center Report. 47 (2): 41–49. doi:10.1002/hast.690. PMC 5568559. PMID 28301696.
  16. ^ Ravitsky, Vardit; Birko, Stanislav; Le Clerc-Blain, Jessica; Haidar, Hazar; Affdal, Aliya O.; Lemoine, Marie-Ève; Dupras, Charles; Laberge, Anne-Marie (2021). "Noninvasive Prenatal Testing: Views of Canadian Pregnant Women and Their Partners Regarding Pressure and Societal Concerns". Ajob Empirical Bioethics. 12 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1080/23294515.2020.1829173. PMID 33095108. S2CID 225051837.
  17. ^ Ravitsky, V. (2017). "The Shifting Landscape of Prenatal Testing: Between Reproductive Autonomy and Public Health". The Hastings Center Report. 47 (Suppl 3): S34–S40. doi:10.1002/hast.793. PMID 29171889.
  18. ^ Ravitsky, V.; Roy, M. C.; Haidar, H.; Henneman, L.; Marshall, J.; Newson, A. J.; Ngan OMY; Nov-Klaiman, T. (2021). "The Emergence and Global Spread of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 22: 309–338. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083118-015053. PMID 33848430. S2CID 233233006.
  19. ^ Ravitsky, V.; Wilfond, B. S. (2006). "Disclosing individual genetic results to research participants". The American Journal of Bioethics. 6 (6): 8–17. doi:10.1080/15265160600934772. PMID 17085395. S2CID 20565357.
  20. ^ Kleiderman, E.; Ravitsky, V.; Knoppers, B. M. (2019). "The 'serious' factor in germline modification". Journal of Medical Ethics. 45 (8): 508–513. doi:10.1136/medethics-2019-105436. PMC 6820154. PMID 31326898.
  21. ^ Cohen, I. Glenn; Adashi, Eli Y.; Ravitsky, Vardit (2019). "How bans on germline editing deprive patients with mitochondrial disease". Nature Biotechnology. 37 (6): 589–592. doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0145-8. PMID 31110356. S2CID 159042144.
  22. ^ Knoppers, B. M.; Isasi, R.; Caulfield, T.; Kleiderman, E.; Bedford, P.; Illes, J.; Ogbogu, U.; Ravitsky, V.; Rudnicki, M. (2017). "Human gene editing: revisiting Canadian policy". npj Regenerative Medicine. 2: 3. doi:10.1038/s41536-017-0007-2. PMC 5677987. PMID 29302340.
  23. ^ "Bridge to Artificial Intelligence (Bridge2AI)".
  24. ^ "Using voice as a biomarker for diagnosis".
  25. ^ Ravitsky, V. (2005). "Timers on ventilators". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 330 (7488): 415–417. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7488.415. PMC 549120. PMID 15718544.
  26. ^ Ravitsky, Vardit; Ben-Or, Gali (2020). "The Regulation of Human Germline Genome Modification in Israel". Human Germline Genome Modification and the Right to Science. pp. 568–582. doi:10.1017/9781108759083.022. ISBN 9781108759083. S2CID 209562170.
  27. ^ "Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) Identifying key clinical, ethical, social, legal and policy issues" (PDF).
  28. ^ "Non-invasive prenatal testing: ethical issues" (PDF).
  29. ^ "Genetically Modified Babies - Ethical Issues Raised by The Genetic Modification of Germ Cells and Embryos" (PDF).
  30. ^ a b "COVID-19 Impact Committee".
  31. ^ "Les Prix Reconnaissances 2022 de l'ESPUM remis lors de la soirée des Grandes retrouvailles".
  32. ^ "Is gender selection of a fetus ethical?".
  33. ^ "We need a culture thaw, not frozen eggs". The Globe and Mail. 18 October 2014.
  34. ^ "Banning IVF for Quebec Women over 42 is Good Old-Fashioned Paternalism".
  35. ^ "Human embryos hold much emotional meaning for those who created them. Better policies are needed regarding how frozen embryos are stored and used".
  36. ^ "Canadian Academy of Health Sciences Fellows".
  37. ^ "Vardit Ravitsky".
  38. ^ "The Hastings Center Fellows".

External links[edit]

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