Willi Reschke

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Willi Reschke
Willi Reschke
Born(1922-02-03)3 February 1922
Mühlow, Prussia, Weimar Republic
Died5 July 2017(2017-07-05) (aged 95)
Thuringia
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branchBalkenkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe
Years of service1941–1945
RankOberfeldwebel (sergeant)
UnitJG 302
JG 301
Battles/wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Willi Reschke (3 February 1922 – 5 July 2017) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II, credited with 27 aerial victories in 70 missions. In 1999, Reschke recounted his wartime experiences in print, published in English in 2005 as "Jagdgeschwader 301/302 'Wilde Sau': In Defense Of The Reich with the Bf 109, Fw 190 and Ta 152;" including writing about the late-war period he spent flying the exotic Focke-Wulf Ta 152 high-altitude fighter-interceptor designed by Kurt Tank.

Early life and career[edit]

Reschke was born on 3 February 1922 at Mühlow, Province of Brandenburg, present-day Miłów in western Poland.[1] Mühlow is located approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) northeast of Guben where the Luftwaffe operated an A/B flight school.[Note 1] According to his own account, there Reschke developed his interest to become an aviator. In February 1940, he volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe. His medical checkup was conducted at Paunsdorf, a borough of Leipzig, and was accepted. One year later, on 4 February 1941, he joined the Fliegerausbildungs-Bataillon at Königsberg in der Neumark where he received his basic training.[3]

Reschke commenced pilot-training in spring 1942. On 6 April 1943, flight training continued at Neiße, present-day Nysa, Poland. There he learned to fly the Klemm Kl 25, Arado Ar 66, Focke-Wulf Fw 56 and Arado Ar 96 with a focus on formation flying, cross-country flying and aerobatics. Additionally, he also took classroom courses in navigation. Reschke completed flight training on 27 June 1943 and he was presented with the Aviator badge (Flugzeugführerabzeichen).[4] On 23 October 1943, Reschke served with Jagdgeschwader 102 (JG 102—102nd Fighter Wing), formerly Jagdfliegerschule 2 (2nd fighter pilot school), in Zerbst to undergo operational training.[5] On 13 June 1944, Reschke continued his training at the Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe West, a supplementary training unit for fighter pilots destined to fight on the Western Front which was based in Gabbert, present-day Jaworze in northwestern Poland. Over the next three days, he made 21 combat simulation flights. On 18 June, he was sent to a front-line fighter unit by train.[6]

World War II[edit]

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. On 20 June 1944, Unteroffizier Reschke arrived by train in Vienna. Following a brief stay, he was sent to the airfield at Götzendorf an der Leitha where the I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 302 (JG 302—302nd Fighter Wing) under the command of Hauptmann Richard Lewens was based.[7] There, Reschke was assigned to 1. Staffel (1st squadron) of JG 302.[8] Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 1. Staffel was Hauptmann Heinrich Wurzer.[7] At the time, the Gruppe was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6.[9] Reschke flew his first combat mission on 26 June and was almost shot down by escorting fighters, landing his damaged fighter at Deutsch-Wagram. That day, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Fifteenth Air Force targeted the hydrogenation factory at Moosbierbaum as part of the oil campaign. Flying from airfields in Italy, the USAAF dispatched 157 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and 502 Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers, escorted by 321 fighter aircraft.[10]

A 1944 drawing by Helmuth Ellgaard illustrating "ramming"

On 2 July, the Fifteenth Air Force attacked Budapest. In defense of this attack, I. Gruppe of JG 302 was scrambled at 09:27.[11] At 10:25 and 10:29, Reschke claimed his first two aerial victories when he shot down two USAAF B-24 bombers shot down southwest of Budapest.[12] During this combat, his Bf 109 G-6 was hit in the radiator resulting in a forced landing in a field near Érd.[13] Reschke claimed an unconfirmed aerial victory over a North American P-51 Mustang fighter on 6 July during an USAAF attack on Munich.[14] The next day, Reschke downed a B-24, his third confirmed claim, this time by ramming when his guns malfunctioned. Following the collision, he successfully bailed out of his damaged fighter. On 24 August Reschke claimed a B-24 near Jindřichův Hradec but during an attack on a second his aircraft was hit by return fire and he attempted to force-land while under attack by P-51 fighters, having to use his parachute. On 29 August he shot down a B-17 bomber south of Zlín, although another Bf 109 fired on his Bf 109 G-6 and Reschke had to force-land damaged. By the end of August 1944 Reschke had claimed 13 aerial victories, seven bombers in July and six in August.[15]

Defense of the Reich[edit]

I. Gruppe of JG 302 was redesignated to III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 301 (JG 301—301st Fighter Wing) in August 1944. The unit was re-equipped with the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-8 by end of September 1944 and fought in Defense of the Reich. Reschke claimed his first aerial victory flying the Fw 190 on 21 November, a B-17 shot down south of Magdeburg.[16] In October, the unit transferred to Stendal near Berlin. On 24 December 1944, the USAAF’s Eighth Air Force launched its largest aerial attack of the war, dispatching over 2,000 bombers against Luftwaffe airfields and infrastructure. In total, the Luftwaffe shot down just twelve of the attacking bombers, including two by Reschke. According to Weal, Reschke was credited with two B-24 bombers shot down over Hanover.[17] In the account presented by Mathews and Foreman, Reschke had claimed two B-17 bombers that day south of Hanover.[18] On 1 January 1945, Feldwebel Reschke downed a B-17 for his 22nd victory claim but again, hit by return fire, he bailed out of his Fw 190 near Gardelegen.[19][20]

Flying the Ta 152[edit]

III. Gruppe of JG 301 was equipped with the Focke-Wulf Ta 152 H-0 on 27 January 1945, receiving eleven aircraft at the Neuhausen Airfield near Cottbus. Following a short briefing, the pilots transferred the eleven aircraft to an airfield at Alteno.[21] There, the pilots familiarized themselves with this new aircraft. On 16 February, III. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Sachau. Reschke first flew the Ta 152 operationally on 2 March. That day, the USAAF targeted the oil refineries at Böhlen and Leuna. In total twelve Ta 152s scrambled and met up in the area of Burg. The Gruppe failed to make contact with the bombers as they came under attack by Luftwaffe Bf 109 fighters whose pilots failed to identify the Ta 152 as a German aircraft.[22]

British-captured Ta 152 H-1, Werknummer 150 168, flown by Reschke on 24 April 1945.[23]

The allotted strength of III. Gruppe was 35 Ta 152s. This figure was never reached and in consequence the pilots and their remaining Ta 152s were all transferred to the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) of JG 301. Reschke joined the Geschwaderstab on 13 March, which was then based at Stendal. Reschke had left Sachau in his Ta 152 H "black 3" (Werknummer 150 007—factory number) at 16:10, landing in Stendal at 16:25.[24] That day, he was also awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold).[12] The presentation of the German Cross was made by the Geschwaderkommodore of JG 301, Oberstleutnant Fritz Auffhammer.[25] The next day, Generalmajor Dietrich Peltz visited the unit. Peltz had been tasked with the coordination of the aerial defenses of the Reich. At Stendal, Peltz tested one of the Ta 152 H fighters, which happened to be the Ta 152 H assigned to Reschke.[26] In the second half of March, the Geschwaderstab predominantly flew fighter protection for II. Gruppe of JG 301 during the takeoff and landing phase. II. Gruppe at the time was equipped with the Fw 190 D-9.[27]

The Geschwaderstab moved to an airfield at Neustadt-Glewe on 10 April.[27] On 14 April, Reschke and two other pilots were scrambled when Hawker Tempest fighters were reported attacking the railway yards at Ludwigslust. In defense of this attack, he claimed a Tempest of No. 486(NZ) Squadron shot down, its pilot Warrant Officer O.J. Mitchell was killed in action.[28] On 20 April, Oberfeldwebel Reschke received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes).[29] That day, fellow JG 301 pilot Oberfeldwebel Walter Loos was also awarded the Knight's Cross.[30] Reschke claimed his last two victories of the war on 24 April when he downed two Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9 fighters near Berlin.[31] According to his own account, the Yak-9 was hopelessly inferior to the Ta 152.[32] The final destination of the Geschwaderstab was Leck Airfield. There, all remaining Ta 152s were handed over to British forces, including Reschke's last aircraft, Ta 152 H-1 "green 9" (Werknummer 150 168). This aircraft was tested by Eric Brown and scrapped in 1946.[23]

Later life[edit]

Reschke died on 5 July 2017 at the age of 95 in Thuringia.[33][34]

Summary of career[edit]

Aerial victory claims[edit]

According to Obermaier, Reschke flew about 70 missions during his combat career in which he claimed 27 aerial victories. He claimed two victories in the Eastern Front and 25 over the Western Front, including 20 four-engine bombers. Three claims were made flying the Ta 152. He was shot down eight times, bailing out five times, and was wounded once.[1] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 20 aerial victory claims, plus seven further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes two aerial victories on the Eastern Front and eighteen on the Western Front, including fourteen four-engine bombers.[35]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Reschke did not receive credit.
  This along with the * (asterisk) indicates an Herausschuss (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box which was counted as an aerial victory.
  This along with the & (ampersand) indicates a endgültige Vernichtung (final destruction)—a coup de grâce inflicted on an already damaged heavy bomber.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Bock, Balke, Mathews, Foreman and Weal.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 302 –[12]
Eastern Front — July – August 1944
1 2 July 1944 10:25 B-24 PQ 14 Ost N/GS-5[36]
southwest of Budapest 		8 19 July 1944 09:40 B-17 Lake Starnberg[37]
2 2 July 1944 10:29 B-24 PQ 14 Ost N/GS-7/8[36]
southwest of Budapest 		9 16 August 1944 10:00 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/MU-3, southeast of Kassel[37]
3 7 July 1944 11:55 B-24 PQ 14 Ost N/CQ[36]
northeast of Bratislava 		10?[Note 2] 20 August 1944 09:45 B-17 south of Budapest[37]
4?[Note 2] 13 July 1944 10:45 B-17 Lake Neusiedl[36] 11?[Note 2] 20 August 1944 09:52 B-17* south of Budapest[37]
5?[Note 2] 14 July 1944 09:55 B-24 Budapest[36]
—
[Note 3] 		22 August 1944 12:50 B-17& PQ 14 Ost N/GP, Pápa[37]
north of Lake Balaton
6?[Note 2] 18 July 1944 10:53 B-24 Munich[37] 12 24 August 1944 12:40 B-24 PQ 14 Ost N/UL-3/6[37]
Neuhaus
7?[Note 2] 18 July 1944 11:10 P-51 Munich[37] 13 29 August 1944 10:50 B-17* PQ 05 Ost S/UQ, Brod[37]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 301 –[35]
Defense of the Reich — November 1944 – January 1945
14?[Note 2] 21 November 1944 12:05 B-17 south of Magdeburg[38] 19 24 December 1944 15:03 B-17?[Note 4] south of Hanover[38]
15 26 November 1944 12:45 B-24 PQ 15 Ost S/GU/HU[38]
vicinity of Hildesheim 		20 31 December 1944 11:35 B-24 northeast of Rotenburg an der Wümme[38]
vicinity of Hamburg
16 17 December 1944 11:20 B-24 south of Göttingen[38] 21 1 January 1945 12:00 B-17 vicinity of Gardelegen
17 17 December 1944 11:25 P-51 south of Göttingen[38] 22 14 January 1945 12:45 P-51 vicinity of Mecklenburg
18 24 December 1944 14:55 B-17?[Note 4] south of Hanover[38] 23 14 January 1945 12:55 P-47 vicinity of Kyritz
– Stab of Jagdgeschwader 301 –[18]
Defense of the Reich — April 1945
24 14 April 1945 19:20 Tempest vicinity of Ludwigslust 26 24 April 1945 08:48 Yak-9 vicinity of Berlin
25 24 April 1945 08:45 Yak-9 vicinity of Berlin

Awards[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[2]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g According to Mathews Foreman, this claim was unconfirmed.[12]
  3. ^ According to Mathews Foreman, this claim was confirmed and is listed as his sixth aerial victory.[12]
  4. ^ a b According to Weal claimed as a Consolidated B-24 Liberator.[39]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 186.
  2. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  3. ^ Reschke 1998, p. 7.
  4. ^ a b Reschke 1998, p. 8.
  5. ^ Reschke 1998, pp. 8–9.
  6. ^ Reschke 1998, p. 11.
  7. ^ a b Reschke 1998, p. 74.
  8. ^ Boiten 1997, p. 123.
  9. ^ Reschke 1998, p. 75.
  10. ^ Reschke 1998, pp. 76–78.
  11. ^ Reschke 1998, p. 84.
  12. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1034.
  13. ^ Reschke 1998, p. 86.
  14. ^ Reschke 1998, p. 91.
  15. ^ Forsyth 2011, p. 82.
  16. ^ Weal 2011, p. 81.
  17. ^ Weal 2011, pp. 82–83.
  18. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1035.
  19. ^ Weal 2011, p. 84.
  20. ^ Sternal & Hartmann 2019, p. 84.
  21. ^ Hermann 1998, p. 101.
  22. ^ Hermann 1998, p. 102.
  23. ^ a b Hermann 1998, p. 106.
  24. ^ Hermann 1998, pp. 102–103.
  25. ^ Reschke 1998, p. 212.
  26. ^ Hermann 1998, p. 103.
  27. ^ a b Hermann 1998, p. 104.
  28. ^ Weal 1996, pp. 87–88.
  29. ^ Weal 2011, p. 87.
  30. ^ Reschke 1998, p. 231.
  31. ^ Weal 1996, p. 87.
  32. ^ Reschke 2005, p. 258.
  33. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 225.
  34. ^ Thüringische Landeszeitung.
  35. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1034–1035.
  36. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2020, p. 200.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2020, p. 201.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2020, p. 202.
  39. ^ Weal 2011, p. 83.
  40. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 224.
  41. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 375.
  42. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 356.
  43. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 624.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Blankenburg, Hans-Joachim; Sinnecker, Günther (2007). Luftkrieg über Mittelthüringen 1944–1945: Flugzeugführerschule A/B 42 Langensalza und die Zeit danach: Erinnerungen ehemaliger Fluglehrer und Flugschüler: die Reichsverteidigung [Air War over Central Thuringia 1944–1945: Pilot School A/B 42 Langensalza and the Time after: Memories of Former Flight Instructors and Student Pilots: the Defense of the Reich] (in German). Bad Langensalza: Rockstuhl. ISBN 978-3-938997-52-9.
  • Boiten, Theo (1997). Nachtjagd: the night fighter versus bomber war over the Third Reich, 1939–45. London: Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-86126-086-4.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1943–1945. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-39903-073-1.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Forsyth, Robert (2011). Luftwaffe Viermot Aces 1942–45. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 101. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-438-3.
  • Hermann, Dietmar (1998). Focke-Wulf Ta 152: Der Weg zum Höhenjäger [Focke-Wulf Ta 152: The Road to the High-Altitude Fighter] (in German). Oberhaching, Germany: AVIATIC Verlag. ISBN 978-3-925505-44-7.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 3 M–R. Walton-on-Thames, UK: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-20-2.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried; Balke, Ulf (2020). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 13/VI—Einsatz im Reichsverteidigung und im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 13/VI—Action in the Defense of the Reich and in the West—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-22-2.
  • Reschke, Willi (2011). Chronik Jagdgeschwader 301/302 Wilde Sau. ISBN 978-3-613-03268-2.
  • Reschke, Willi (1998). Jagdgeschwader 301/302 "Wilde Sau" (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-613-01898-3.
  • Reschke, Willi (2005). Jagdgeschwader 301/302 "Wilde Sau": In Defense Of The Reich with the Bf 109, Fw 190 and Ta 152. Atglen, USA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-2130-6.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Sternal, Bernd; Hartmann, Werner (2019). Im Anflug auf die Planquadrate der Altmark: Flugzeugabstürze im 2. Weltkrieg in den Regionen Stendal, Salzwedel und Gardelegen [Approaching the Grid Squares of the Altmark: Plane Crashes in World War II in the Regions of Stendal, Salzwedel and Gardelegen] (in German). Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-7494-7637-4.
  • Weal, John (1996). Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Western Front. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 9. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-595-1.
  • Weal, John (2011). Fw 190 Defence of the Reich Aces. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 92. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-482-4.
  • "Willi Reschke". Thüringische Landeszeitung (in German). 13 July 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2020.

External links[edit]

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