William Hamilton Reid

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Portrait of William Hamilton

William Hamilton Reid (died 1826) was a British poet and hack writer.[1][2] A supporter of radical politics turned loyalist, he is known for his 1800 pamphlet exposé The Rise and Dissolution of the Infidel Societies in this Metropolis. His later views turned again towards radicalism.[3]

Early life[edit]

The son of servants in the household of the Duke of Hamilton, Reid was a Londoner, initially apprenticed to a maker of silver buckles.[1] Completing this Soho apprenticeship in 1779, he worked as a journeyman in his trade, in Smithfield, London.[4] In 1811 he wrote that when young he heard the preachers Martin Madan and William Romaine.[5]

Reid began on a literary career in the 1780s.[1] He was introduced to the Esto Perpetua Whig political writers' club, founded in 1785, "almost certainly," according to Iain McCalman, by George Ellis.[6][7]

1790s[edit]

A contributor to the Visits from the World of Spirits (1791) of Henry Lemoine, Reid has been described as a "typical Jacobin litterateur" of the 1790s.[8][9] In 1792 he mentioned work he had as a translator, from Dutch.[10] This employment was removed, by a monopoly given to the Post Office.[4]

As an early member of the radical London Corresponding Society (LCS), Reid in 1793 wrote Hum! Hum!, a satirical song against those who professed "loyalism" (i.e. anti-radicalism) as a way to personal advancement. He was apprehended in early 1798 during a raid on a meeting in the St Martin's Lane area of London, which took in 57 of those attending but not John Binns, a prominent figure of the United Irishmen, and the raid's intended target. (Binns was arrested not much later, according to Reid, with Arthur O'Connor in Kent.) McCalman states that Reid then acted as a government informer, monitoring a subversive meeting in Cripplegate, as a matter of self-preservation. The circulation of his intelligence was to George Canning, Richard Ford, and John King. Reid also sought patronage, by conforming to loyalist attitudes of the period, putting himself forward as a man of letters.[11][12][13] He subsequently wrote a pamphlet from a loyalist point of view, the Rise and Dissolution of the Infidel Societies of 1800 (see below), for which he is best known.[11][14][15] Around this time he also expressed similar opinions in letters to the Anti-Jacobin Review.[16] He was given cash by Canning, and the approval, according to his widow, of the bishops Shute Barrington and Beilby Porteus, with Porteus offering him Anglican ordination.[17]

Later life[edit]

Reid later edited the Orthodox Churchman's Magazine, which was subsequently taken over by John Watkins.[18][19] The Magazine was hostile to deists, Latitudinarians, Methodists and Unitarians, and its tone was set from the first issue in 1801 by the High Church views of William Stevens.[20][21]

In 1806, however, Reid dropped his Anglican affiliations, joining the Unitarian congregation of Thomas Belsham in Hackney.[22] He contributed unpaid material to the Monthly Repository.[17] In the September 1806 issue of the Repository, an article signed "W. H. R." commented favourably on the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire, and the prospects for universal toleration.[23]

Reid went on to abandon the Unitarianism he found too formal.[24] He twice called on the Royal Literary Fund for support, initially in 1810.[25][26] He died on 3 June 1826.[17]

The Rise and Dissolution of the Infidel Societies in this Metropolis (1800)[edit]

Reid's work on London debating societies followed a magistrate's raid in 1798. He gave specifics of seven London societies, five of those meeting in the City of London area. There are few other sources for these clubs.[27] His political tone is described as "alarmist".[28] The work has been called a "hostile caricature" and "indiscriminate attack on both radicals and sectarians".[29]

Influences and perspectives[edit]

Among Reid's influences was a recent book on French Jacobinism by the Abbé Barruel.[12] A contemporary view saw The Rise and Dissolution as following also the thought of John Robison.[30]

The work played on fears that the debating societies were breeding grounds for subversion and plotting, and that the "clubbists" who frequented them were potential revolutionaries.[31][32] Reid referenced the pre-1789 Robin Hood Society.[33] He also claimed that a typical benefit society meeting might be the occasion for circulation of The Age of Reason.[34]

Adopting Edmund Burke's doctrine of the negative effects of association, Reid attributed the irreligion and subversion expressed in debating clubs to the thought of William Godwin, Tom Paine, Joseph Priestley, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire.[35] It was reviewed in the New Annual Register as a "miscellaneous production", while The Critical Review noted that Reid's work in its 117 pages included in its net also Methodist preachers and Swedenborgians, the Whig Club and the LCS.[36][37] One consequence of Reid's work as an informer, at the Green Dragon in Cripplegate, was that he was able to link Bannister Truelock, a millenarian Methodist preacher in the LCS, to James Hadfield, who attempted in 1800 to assassinate the King.[38]

Reid's attack on Godwin has been called "dull and vicious", and compared to that of the loyalist John Bowles.[39] Against Paine's influence, Reid recommended Richard Watson's Apology for the Bible.[40] The anti-Methodist polemicist Thomas Ellis Owen cited Reid in his 1801 tract Hints to Heads of Families.[41][42]

Reid on the London Corresponding Society[edit]

Reid gave an account of the expulsions of the booksellers John Bone (a United Englishman) and Richard Lee ("Citizen Lee", a Methodist) from the LCS, on the grounds of their refusal to sell The Age of Reason and the Ruins of Empire of the Comte de Volney.[43][44] E. P. Thompson considered accurate at least Reid's description of this phase of the LCS, during which Francis Place was planning the publication of a cheap edition of The Age of Reason. This initiative was divisive, and its effect on the LCS was to bring to the surface religious differences.[45]

In 1795, Methodists in the LCS had tried, and failed, to purge deists and atheists. Robert Watson (c.1746–1838), a close associate of Lord George Gordon, had been excluded from membership, together with hatter Richard Hodgson for supporting the views of Paine.[46] According to Thale, Reid himself broke from the LCS when deism was becoming compulsory for its members.[47] Bone became a founder of the London Reformation Society.[48] Charles Sturt (1763–1812), a Member of Parliament and honorary LCS member, gave a compatible account of Lee's two expulsions from the LCS in a speech in the Commons.[49]

Infidels and enthusiasts[edit]

Rise and Dissolution purported to trace the connections, dating from the 17th century, between religious enthusiasm and secular reform organisations.[50] Reid associated Priestley's rational dissent with the opinions of David Williams, supporter of the Octagon Chapel liturgy and "unconditional philosophical liberty".[51][52] He tended to blur distinctions between reformers, unbelievers, deists and millenarians, all of whom were accorded a hearing in the Unitarian tradition of unbounded debate.[53] He characterized the "Society of Ancient Deists", who met near Hoxton in the period 1770 to 1790, as "infidel mystics".[54][55]

Reid also described as dangerous the staid deist and political debating clubs run by Williams.[33] In the context of the Corresponding Societies Act of 1799, he noted that Middlesex magistrates had been cracking down on meetings of followers of Priestley, as deist-radical, and as so many attempts by the "infidel illuminati" to establish a "place of public instruction".[56]

Reid took issue with evangelicals and their literature, such as the Evangelical Magazine and its reporting of missionary work.[57] He warned also against the numerous "fanatical preachers" of low backgrounds, such as Richard Brothers.[58] Commentary in John Brewster's Secular Essay of 1802 clarifies that street preachers to whom Reid objected, of Spa Fields and Islington, included Calvinistic Methodists, many of them young men, associated with Lady Anne Agnes Erskine's connexion.[59]

Antinomian theology[edit]

Reid isolated the concept of self-sufficiency, at the spiritual level, as the factor connecting religious enthusiasts and rationalist infidels. In this way he linked Samuel How, an antinomian writer in 1640, with Paine.[40] How's work, The Sufficiency of the Spirit, had been in print since 1792.[60] He linked also Swedenborg's theology with Muggletonian belief in the antinomian conception of Christ retaining human form in heaven.[61][62] Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker compare Rise and Dissolution to the heresiological work Gangraena of 1646.[63]

Poetry[edit]

Reid is cited as one of the co-authors of Criticisms on the Rolliad (1784).[1] Sherbo identifies Reid's first published verse as from 1787, in the Gentleman's Magazine.[64] On his own account, Reid belonged in the group of poets including Thomas Chatterton, Robert Burns, Charlotte Smith and Ann Yearsley.[65] Another such "untutored" poet was Ann Batten Cristall. Such writers were typically promoted by supportive reviewers. Reid had the backing of John Nichols of the Gentleman's Magazine.[66][67]

Biographies[edit]

The New Sanhedrin[edit]

The New Sanhedrin (1806/7),[72] attributed to Reid, was prompted by the summoning of the Grand Sanhedrin, and advocated in favour of Jewish emancipation. It draws on arguments found in Isaac La Peyrère, Thomas Beverley (died 1702) and Francis Lee; but also in Priestley's Letters to the Jews (1794).[25][73] Reid adopted philosemitic views as a follower of Napoleon's attitude. He went on to write controversially against Samuel Horsley, invoking older ideas of Gilbert Burnet, Pierre Jurieu and Joseph Mede, and the Jewish writers Isaac Abravanel and David Levi. He and others holding related opinions, such as the Baptist James Bicheno, were attacked by the Jewish Conversion Society.[22]

Other works[edit]

  • Sentimental Beauties from the Writings of the Late Dr. Hugh Blair, 1809.[68][74] Hugh Blair has been taken by McCalman to be an early influence on Reid.[75]
  • A Concise History of the Kingdom of Hanover from the earliest periods until its restoration in 1813, 1816.[68] The politically sensitive topic of the Hanoverian and Brunswick genealogical background had been dormant since work of Henry Rimius in 1750. Reid's book was followed in the 19th century by those of Andrew Halliday (1826) and Percy Thornton (1887).[76]

Some of Reid's compiled works were published anonymously.[17] A satirical play, The Democrat Cured, is not extant.[77] Walks Through London (1817), published under the name David Hughson, which has been attributed to Reid, and to his wife, was by Edward Pugh (died 1813), according to Samuel Halkett and John Laing.[78]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Sherbo, Arthur. "Reid, William Hamilton". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/72774. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ The Magazine of Domestic Economy. W.S. Orr & Company. 1837. p. 375.
  3. ^ Philp, Mark (1995). "Vulgar Conservatism, 1792-3". The English Historical Review. 110 (435): 42–69. doi:10.1093/ehr/CX.435.42. JSTOR 573375. Gale A16733923.
  4. ^ a b Steve Clark; David Worrall (31 December 2015). Historicizing Blake. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-349-23477-6.
  5. ^ The Gentleman's Magazine: 1811. E. Cave. 1811. p. 231.
  6. ^ Steve Clark; David Worrall (31 December 2015). Historicizing Blake. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-349-23477-6.
  7. ^ Leslie Mitchell (15 July 2006). The Whig World: 1760-1837. A&C Black. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-0-8264-2201-9.
  8. ^ Knud Haakonssen (2 November 2006). Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-521-02987-2.
  9. ^ Esterhammer, Angela (1991). "Historicizing Blake at Strawberry Hill". The Wordsworth Circle. 22 (2): 135–136. doi:10.1086/TWC24044590. JSTOR 24044590. S2CID 165343166.
  10. ^ Augustus Charles Bickley (1889). Bibliographical Notes. E. Stock. p. 55.
  11. ^ a b McCalman, Iain (1987). "Ultra-Radicalism and Convivial Debating-Clubs in London, 1795-1838". The English Historical Review. 102 (403): 309–333. doi:10.1093/ehr/CII.403.309. JSTOR 572273.
  12. ^ a b Iain McCalman (3 March 1988). Radical Underworld: Prophets, Revolutionaries and Pornographers in London, 1795-1840. CUP Archive. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-30755-0.
  13. ^ Steve Clark; David Worrall (31 December 2015). Historicizing Blake. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 25–6, 40 note 4. ISBN 978-1-349-23477-6.
  14. ^ Mark Philp (28 November 2013). Reforming Ideas in Britain: Politics and Language in the Shadow of the French Revolution, 1789–1815. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-107-02728-2.
  15. ^ The British Critic: A New Review. F. and C. Rivington. 1800. p. 197.
  16. ^ Emily L De (29 March 1988). Anti-Jacobins: The Early Contributors To The Anti-Jacobin Review. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 140–. ISBN 978-1-349-19137-6.
  17. ^ a b c d The Monthly Repository of Theology and General Literature. Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper. 1826. p. 564.
  18. ^ Roberts, M. J. D. (1983). "The Society for the Suppression of Vice and Its Early Critics, 1802-1812". The Historical Journal. 26 (1): 159–176. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00019646. JSTOR 2638853. S2CID 159943236.
  19. ^ A New Biographical Dictionary, of 3000 Contemporary Public Characters, British and Foreign, of All Ranks and Professions. G. B. Whittaker. 1825. p. 591.
  20. ^ Francis Edward Mineka (1944). The Dissidence of Dissent: The Monthly Repository, 1806–1838, Under the Editorship of Robert Aspland, W. J. Fox, R. H. Horne, & Leigh Hunt. With a Chapter on Religious Periodicals, 1700-1825. University of North Carolina Press. p. 62.
  21. ^ Robert M. Andrews (7 May 2015). Lay Activism and the High Church Movement of the Late Eighteenth Century: The Life and Thought of William Stevens, 1732-1807. BRILL. p. 211. ISBN 978-90-04-29379-3.
  22. ^ a b Knud Haakonssen (30 May 1996). Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge University Press. pp. 331–2. ISBN 978-0-521-56060-3.
  23. ^ Theophilus Lindsey; G. M. Ditchfield (1 December 2012). The Letters of Theophilus Lindsey (1723-1808): 1789-1808. Boydell Press. p. 633 note 4. ISBN 978-1-84383-742-8.
  24. ^ Steve Clark; David Worrall (31 December 2015). Historicizing Blake. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-349-23477-6.
  25. ^ a b Steve Clark; David Worrall (31 December 2015). Historicizing Blake. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-349-23477-6.
  26. ^ George Laurence Gomme (1889). Bibliographical Notes: A Classified Collection of the Chief Contents of "The Gentleman's Magazine" from 1731–1868. Stock. p. viii.
  27. ^ Thale, Mary (1989). "London Debating Societies in the 1790s". The Historical Journal. 32 (1): 57–86. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00015302. JSTOR 2639817. S2CID 162874936.
  28. ^ Fulford, Tim (2004). "Conducting the Vital Fluid: The Politics and Poetics of Mesmerism in the 1790s". Studies in Romanticism. 43 (1): 57–78. doi:10.2307/25601659. JSTOR 25601659. Gale A118675764 ProQuest 223460362.
  29. ^ Heather Glen (7 July 1983). Vision and Disenchantment: Blake's Songs and Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads. CUP Archive. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-521-25084-9.
  30. ^ Ralph Griffiths (1800). The Monthly Review. R. Griffiths. p. 213.
  31. ^ Paul Keen (28 November 1999). The Crisis of Literature in the 1790s: Print Culture and the Public Sphere. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-139-42648-0.
  32. ^ Ian Haywood (24 October 2013). Romanticism and Caricature. Cambridge University Press. p. 184 note 38. ISBN 978-1-107-04421-0.
  33. ^ a b Nicholas Hans (January 1998). New Trends in Education in the Eighteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-415-17611-8.
  34. ^ Budd, Susan (1967). "The Loss of Faith. Reasons for Unbelief among Members of the Secular Movement in England, 1850-1950". Past & Present (36): 106–125. doi:10.1093/past/36.1.106. JSTOR 649918.
  35. ^ Jan Golinski (28 June 1999). Science as Public Culture: Chemistry and Enlightenment in Britain, 1760-1820. Cambridge University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-521-65952-9.
  36. ^ Andrew Kippis (1801). The New Annual Register, Or, General Repository of History, Politics, and Literature. G. G. J. and J. Robinson. p. 312.
  37. ^ Tobias George Smollett (1800). The Critical Review: Or, Annals of Literature. R[ichard]. Baldwin, at the Rose in Pater-noster-Row. p. 355.
  38. ^ Steve Clark; David Worrall (31 December 2015). Historicizing Blake. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-349-23477-6.
  39. ^ Peter H. Marshall (1984). William Godwin. Yale University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-300-10544-5.
  40. ^ a b Robert Rix (1 January 2007). William Blake and the Cultures of Radical Christianity. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-7546-5600-5.
  41. ^ Thomas Ellis Owen (1801). Hints to Heads of Families (2nd ed.). MS. note. F. & C. Rivington. p. 8.
  42. ^ Davies, Hywel Meilyr. "Owen, Thomas Ellis". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21035. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  43. ^ Davis, Michael T. "London Corresponding Society". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/42297. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  44. ^ Mee, Jon (1997). "Anxieties of Enthusiasm: Coleridge, Prophecy, and Popular Politics in the 1790s". Huntington Library Quarterly. 60 (1/2): 179–203. doi:10.2307/3817836. JSTOR 3817836.
  45. ^ E. P. Thompson (26 September 2002). The Making of the English Working Class. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 143–4. ISBN 978-0-14-193489-1.
  46. ^ Jon Mee (2005). Romanticism, Enthusiasm, and Regulation: Poetics and the Policing of Culture in the Romantic Period. Oxford University Press. pp. 107–8. ISBN 978-0-19-928478-8.
  47. ^ Mary Thale; London Corresponding Society (4 August 1983). Selections from the Papers of the London Corresponding Society 1792-1799. Cambridge University Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-521-24363-6.
  48. ^ Jackie DiSalvo; G. A. Rosso; Christopher Z. Hobson (14 August 2015). Blake, Politics, and History. Routledge. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-317-38138-9.
  49. ^ John Barrell (2000). Imagining the King's Death: Figurative Treason, Fantasies of Regicide, 1793-1796. Oxford University Press. pp. 618–9. ISBN 978-0-19-811292-1.
  50. ^ Saree Makdisi (2003). William Blake and the Impossible History of the 1790s. University of Chicago Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-226-50259-5.
  51. ^ Knud Haakonssen (2 November 2006). Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-521-02987-2.
  52. ^ Davies, Damian Walford. "Williams, David". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29494. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  53. ^ Martin Priestman (27 January 2000). Romantic Atheism: Poetry and Freethought, 1780–1830. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-139-43124-8.
  54. ^ J. F. C. Harrison (7 May 2013). The Second Coming: Popular Millenarianism, 1780-1850. Routledge. p. 1797. ISBN 978-1-136-29876-9.
  55. ^ Gregory Claeys (11 September 2002). Thomas Paine: Social and Political Thought. Routledge. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-134-99859-3.
  56. ^ Weindling, Paul (1980). "Science and Sedition: How Effective Were the Acts Licensing Lectures and Meetings, 1795-1819?". The British Journal for the History of Science. 13 (2): 139–153. doi:10.1017/S000708740001774X. JSTOR 4025892. PMID 11610822. S2CID 41250726.
  57. ^ Timothy Morton; Nigel Smith (1 October 2009). Radicalism in British Literary Culture, 1650-1830: From Revolution to Revolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-521-12087-6.
  58. ^ Rubens, Alfred (1955). "Portrait of Anglo-Jewry 1656-1836". Transactions. 19. Jewish Historical Society of England: 13–52. JSTOR 29777944.
  59. ^ John Brewster (1802). A Secular Essay: containing a retrospective view of events, connected with the ecclesiastical history of England, during the eighteenth century with reflections on the state of practical religion in that period. F. and C. Rivington. p. 178.
  60. ^ Robert Rix (1 January 2007). William Blake and the Cultures of Radical Christianity. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-7546-5600-5.
  61. ^ Martin Priestman (27 January 2000). Romantic Atheism: Poetry and Freethought, 1780–1830. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-139-43124-8.
  62. ^ Morton D. Paley (7 October 1999). Apocalypse and Millennium in English Romantic Poetry. Clarendon Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-19-158468-8.
  63. ^ Peter Linebaugh; Marcus Rediker (3 September 2013). The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Beacon Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-8070-5015-6.
  64. ^ Sherbo, Arthur (1 January 1996). "William Hamilton Reid (fl. 1786–1824): A Forgotten Poet". Studies in Scottish Literature, volume 29 issue 1 article 20. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  65. ^ Walker's Hibernian Magazine, Or, Compendium of Entertaining Knowledge. R. Gibson. 1790. pp. 22–4.
  66. ^ Elizabeth Lois Mann (1939). The Problem of Originality in English Literary Criticism, 1750–1800. University of Chicago. p. 102.
  67. ^ John Nichols (1788). The Gentleman's Magazine. E. Cave. pp. 593–5.
  68. ^ a b c "spenserians.cath.vt.edu, William Hamilton Reid (1760 ca.-1826)". Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  69. ^ William Paley; William Hamilton Reid (1810). Beauties selected from the writings of the late William Paley ... With an account of his life and critical remarks upon some of his peculiar opinions. Sherwood, Neely&Jones.
  70. ^ William Hamilton Reid (1812). Memoirs of the Public Life of John Horne Tooke.
  71. ^ Antoine-Vincent Arnault (1826). Memoirs of the Public and Private Life of Napoleon Bonaparte: with copious historical illustrations and original anecdotes. Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper.
  72. ^ סנהדרין חדשה and Causes and Consequences of the French Emperor's conduct towards the Jews: including official documents, and the final decisions of the Grand Sanhedrin. ... By an Advocate of the House of Israel
  73. ^ William Hamilton Reid (1807). סנהדרין חדשה and Causes and Consequences of the French Emperor's conduct towards the Jews: including official documents, and the final decisions of the Grand Sanhedrin. ... By an Advocate of the House of Israel [i.e. W. H. Reid?]. M. Jones.
  74. ^ Sentimental Beauties from the Writings of the Late Dr. Hugh Blair: Including the Latest Editions of His Sermons, Lectures, &c. &c. : Alphabetically Arranged : with a Copious Account of the Life and Writings of the Author, Carefully Abridged from the Larger Editions of the Late John Hill, LL. D. and Dr. Finlayson. Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. 1809.
  75. ^ Steve Clark; David Worrall (31 December 2015). Historicizing Blake. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-349-23477-6.
  76. ^ Womersley, David (1992). "Gibbon's Unfinished History: The French Revolution and English Political Vocabularies". The Historical Journal. 35 (1): 63–89. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00025619. JSTOR 2639480. S2CID 144491230.
  77. ^ David Worrall (18 May 2006). Theatric Revolution: Drama, Censorship, and Romantic Period Subcultures 1773-1832. OUP Oxford. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-927675-2.
  78. ^ Halkett, Samuel; Laing, John (1888). A Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of Great Britain. Including the works of foreigners written in, or translated into the English language. Edinburgh: William Patterson. p. 2785. Retrieved 6 May 2016 – via Internet Archive.

External links[edit]

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