1879 in animation
Events in 1879 in animation.
Events[edit]
- Specific date unknown:
- In 1879, Charles-Émile Reynaud registered a modification to the praxinoscope patent to include the Praxinoscope Théâtre, which utilized the Pepper's ghost effect to present the animated figures in an exchangeable background. Later improvements included the "Praxinoscope à projection" (marketed since 1882) which used a double magic lantern to project the animated figures over a still projection of a background.[1]
- In 1879, Eadweard Muybridge created the zoöpraxiscope (animal action viewer), a projection device that created cyclical animations of animal movement, incorporating technologies from photography, the magic lantern and the zoetrope. The photographer created painted sequences on the glass zoöpraxiscope discs that were based on his motion-study photographs to produce an early form of animation. Muybridge used these to illustrate his lectures that were presented to audiences in the United States and Europe, marking his contribution to photography and film in relation to the "experience of time within modernity."[2][3]
- An 1879 edition of the Sallie Gardner cabinet card has the images altered to create more distinct outlines (with straight lines and clear numbers replacing the original photographic background) "with care to preserve their original positions". The verso has a diagram of the mare's foot movements in a complete stride, executed per Leland Stanford's instructions.[4]
- Eadweard Muybridge continued the studies at Palo Alto, California with 24 cameras in 1879, producing further chronophotographic pictures of more horses, some other animals, male athletes, and a sequence depicting a horse skeleton jumping a hurdle (utilizing a technique that resembles stop motion).[5]
Births[edit]
June[edit]
- June 22: Guido Seeber, German film director, cinematographer and animator (Prosit Neujahr 1910!), (d. 1940).[6][7][8]
July[edit]
- July 31: Léopold Survage, Russian-French avant-garde painter, pioneer of abstract animation (Rythmes colorés), (d. 1968).[9][10]
August[edit]
- August 25: J. R. Bray, American animator, cartoonist, and film producer (Colonel Heeza Liar), (d. 1978).[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
October[edit]
- October 2: Angel Espoy, Spanish-American painter (worked in the animation industry of San Francisco, staff member of the Animated Film Corporation), (d. 1963).[21][22][23]
References[edit]
- ^ "Le Praxinoscope à projection". emilereynaud.fr (in French). Retrieved 2019-07-25.
- ^ "Eadweard Muybridge: Defining Modernities". Arts and Humanities Research Council, Kingston University, London. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Motion Pictures: The Zoopraxiscope". Tate Museum. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "The horse in motion, illus. by Muybridge. "Sallie Gardner", owned by Leland Stanford, running at a 1:40 gait over the Palo Alto track, 19 June 1878: 2 frames showing diagram of foot movements". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
- ^ Braun, Marta (2012-01-01). Eadweard Muybridge. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-000-9.
- ^ Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1994). Cartoons: One hundred years of cinema animation. Translated by Anna Taraboletti-Segre. Indiana University Press. p. 26. ISBN 0-253-20937-4.
- ^ Herbst, Helmut. Drei Bildbeschreibungen und eine Liste. Der Filmpionier Guido Seeber. pp. 15–41 in C. Müller und H. Segeberg (ed.) Die Modellierung des Kinofilms. Munich, 1998.
- ^ Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek (publ.) Das wandernde Bild. Der Filmpionier Guido Seeber. Berlin, 1979.
- ^ Daniel Robbins, Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, MoMA, 2009
- ^ Daniel Meyer-Dinkgräfe, European Culture in a Changing World: Between Nationalism and Globalism, Cambridge Scholars Press, 2004
- ^ "J.R. Bray". lambiek.net. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
- ^ Grant, John (2001). Masters of Animation. Batsford Books. p. 48. ISBN 9780713486285. Retrieved 2022-05-16 – via Google Books.
- ^ Lund, Karen (June 1999). "Innovative Animators". Information Bulletin. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
- ^ Clarke, James (2007). Animated Films. Virgin Books. pp. 13. ISBN 978-0753512586.
- ^ Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780198020790.
- ^ Kanfer, Stefan (2000). Serious Business: The Art and Commerce of Animation in America from Betty Boop to Toy Story. Da Capo Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0306809187. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ^ Kroon, Richard W. (2010). A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment, and Other Audiovisual Terms. McFarland. p. 46. ISBN 9780786444052.
- ^ Robertson, Patrick (November 11, 2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 326. ISBN 9781608197385. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
- ^ Crafton, Donald (1993). Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898-1928. University of Chicago Press. p. 376. ISBN 9780226116679.
- ^ "John R. Bray, 99, film pioneer". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Bridgeport, Connecticut. Associated Press. 1978-10-12. p. 42. Retrieved 2022-05-16 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Angel Espoy". Broadmoor Galleries. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
- ^ Eisner, Judith A. (September 24, 1970). "The fabulous career Byington Ford". archive.org. Carmel Pine Cone. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ "Espoy (Seal Beach)". Press-Telegram. Long Beach, California. January 13, 1963. p. 18 – via newspapers.com.