1975 Ecuadorian coup attempt

1975 Ecuadorian coup attempt
Date 31 August - 1 September 1975 Location Quito, Ecuador Result Coup d'état failed
Belligerents
Government of Ecuador	Armed Forces of Ecuador
Commanders and leaders
Guillermo Rodríguez Lara	Raúl González Alvear Alejandro Solís Rosero

The 1975 Ecuadorian coup attempt was a failed military coup d'état in Ecuador led by Ecuadorian Armed Forces Chief Raúl González Alvear along with his brother-in-law, General Alejandro Solís Rosero, director of the National War College, with the goal of forcing President Guillermo Rodríguez Lara to resign. Poorly planned and hastily executed, the coup attempt took place over the course of a two-day period from August 31 - September 1, 1975. By the afternoon, it was clear that the coup had failed with General González seeking asylum, initially from the US Embassy and later the Chilean Embassy, before being captured by government authorities.

Background

By 1974, the country was suffering due to months of economic mismanagement under the Rodriguez regime. Hypernationalistic government ministers had made the mistake of raising oil prices by 54 cents per barrel, above the standard OPEC price and thus upsetting the oil companies, who limited their oil production in protest, cutting into the nation's bottomline. This was severely damaging to Ecuador's economy, as it relied heavily on its exports, including oil.

Despite the economic downturn, the wealthy in Ecuador continued spending lavishly on foreign luxury goods like cars and television sets. The excessive spending caused the country to have a massive trade deficit of $170 million in the first half of 1975. To address the economic crisis, President Rodriguez dismissed his Natural Resources Minister and lowered oil prices by 43 cents per barrel. Additionally, President Rodriguez implemented a heavy 60% tax on all luxury imports, a measure that aimed to stabilize the economy but was deeply unpopular with the public.

The import tax on luxury goods was part of a series of unpopular economic decisions by the regime, including restrictive policies on foreign investment through Andean Pact Decision 24, and the aforementioned petroleum policy which too was unpopular. Coupled with their failure to control inflation and lacking progress in the agricultural sector, the regime's economic policies sparked widespread protests and also open criticism from the chambers of commerce, small industries, editorial boards, politicians, and political parties.

Amidst the political turmoil, a coalition of political parties was formed named the Civic Front to pressure the government into returning to constitutional rule. Comprising of Velasquistas, Poncistas, Conservatives, Socialists, and the National Revolutionary Party, the political coalition excluded the country's Communist parties, labeling them as "government parties." Some parties such as the Radical Liberal Party and the Concentration of Popular Forces decided not to publicly associate themselves with the Civic Front.

Coup Attempt

Considerations for the coup attempt had apparently been brewing in General González's mind since the past two years, yet concrete preparations only began on August 29, 1975, just two days before the planned coup, leading to rushed and poorly thought-out execution. Motivated by growing public discontent with the Rodriguez regime, he believed this dissatisfaction could be leveraged to gain support for the coup. However, General González misjudged the level of civilian and military support he truly had and made little effort during the pre-coup planning to secure the backing of several military officers who were reportedly implicated in the plot to varying degrees.

Setting up their base of operations in a funeral parlor in Quito two blocks away from the national palace, General González and General Solís launched their coup plot in the dead of night on August 31, 1975, mobilizing a force consisting of 150 soldiers and six to ten outdated US Army tanks. The coup attempt was quickly plagued with problems: General González distributed manifestos announcing the coup prematurely, which coincidentally reached President Rodriguez; General Solís, the highest-ranking officer involved in the coup, was captured early on by Battalion 142 while attempting to court the Quito Artillery Battalion.

By the early morning of September 1, 1975, the coup attempt was in full swing as the rebel tank unit besieged the presidential palace in Quito, aiming to capture President Rodriguez. Unbeknownst to them however, the president had already slipped away unnoticed after receiving the copy of the general's manifesto, leaving his wife and five kids behind in the palace. He relocated to an army base at Riobamba, over a hundred miles south of Quito, where he gathered loyalist forces to crush the coup.

Rebel forces, mistakenly believing the president was still trapped inside the palace, continued laying siege to the hollow shell. They made further errors by failing to seize key government installations such as the Ministry of Defense, the city's airport, broadcasting facilities, or newspapers. The rebels further weakened their position when they allowed President Rodriguez's wife and children to leave the palace, giving up one of their few potential bargaining chips.

The tides turned in the president's favor when the air force and navy declared their support for the regime. By 4 PM, loyalist troops, particularly the Vencedores Battalion, had surrounded the presidential palace and successfully retaken it, 12 hours after the rebel assault began. The rebel forces eventually surrendered. Amid the chaos of the failed coup however, mobs of Quito citizens ransacked the national palace, taking away items like rugs, lamps, and other valuables. The state of confusion also allowed General González to escape unnoticed while disguised in civilian clothes. He attempted to seek asylum at several foreign embassies, including the US and Chilean embassies, before being captured by government authorities.

Aftermath

In the end, seventeen people were killed and more than 80 were injured over the course of the two-day uprising. Following the failed coup attempt, President Rodriguez imposed a curfew and ordered the arrest for all members of the Civic Front, who had publicly supported the coup attempt. Among those arrested were Pablo Davalo Dillon, from the Social Christian party, and five members of the Christian Democrats: Guillermo Cabrera, Carlos Cornejo Orbes, Fausto Cordobes Chiriboga, and Jose Joaquin Silva.