2020 New Zealand euthanasia referendum
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The 2020 New Zealand euthanasia referendum was a binding referendum[1] held in New Zealand on 17 October 2020, on the question of whether to legalise euthanasia via the End of Life Choice Act 2019.[2] The vote was held in conjunction with the 2020 general election, and official results were released on 6 November 2020. It was accepted by New Zealand voters, with 65.1% in support and 33.7% opposed.[3]
The act came into force on 7 November 2021, twelve months after the final vote count was announced.[4] The End of Life Choice Act legalises voluntary euthanasia for those with a terminal illness and less than six months left to live, if confirmed to be eligible by two doctors.[1][5] New Zealand is the first country to have put euthanasia legalisation to a referendum.[1]
Votes for the End of Life Choice referendum were included on the same ballot as the 2020 cannabis referendum, which sought to legalise recreational cannabis.
Background
[edit]Prior to 2021, euthanasia was illegal in New Zealand, with it being illegal to "aid and abet suicide" under section 179 of the Crimes Act 1961.
Two earlier attempts to legalise euthanasia failed to get through the New Zealand Parliament. Hawkes Bay National MP Michael Laws's 1995 Death with Dignity Bill failed with 61 votes against and 29 supporting, and NZ First MP Peter Brown's 2003 Death with Dignity Bill failed in its first reading by 60 votes opposing to 58 supporting.[6]
End of Life Choice Bill
[edit]ACT party MP David Seymour entered the End of Life Choice Bill to the member's bill ballot in October 2015.[7] The bill passed its first reading 76–44 in December 2017 and its second reading 70–50 in June 2019.[8][9] In the committee of the whole House, support from the New Zealand First party became conditional on a referendum to decide whether the law should come into force.[5] An amendment to require a referendum passed 69–51,[10] and the bill passed its third reading with the same numbers on 13 November.[11] The bill received royal assent on 16 November 2019, becoming the End of Life Choice Act 2019.
Referendum structure
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sample_ballot_for_the_2020_New_Zealand_referendums.jpg/220px-Sample_ballot_for_the_2020_New_Zealand_referendums.jpg)
Following the third reading, the act was written such that it could only come into force following a majority support at a referendum, which would make the legislation active twelve months after the final vote count.[12] If the majority had opposed the legislation in the referendum (or any subsequent referendum, if the first had been voided), it would have been repealed by 16 November 2024, five years after it received royal assent.[2]
The wording of the referendum was also written into the act, and asked voters:[12]
- Do you support the End of Life Choice Act 2019 coming into force?
- Yes, I support the End of Life Choice Act 2019 coming into force.
- No, I do not support the End of Life Choice Act 2019 coming into force.
Public opinion
[edit]Support for assisted dying between 2000 and 2019 averaged at around 68%,[5] and prior to the act passing into law in 2019, support for some kind of medically assisted euthanasia for the terminally ill was polled at 74% in April,[13] and 72% in July of 2019.[5]
During the 16-month-long select committee stage of the End of Life Choice Bill, 39,000 public submissions were made, with 90% of submitters opposed to it.[10] Over one thousand doctors signed an open letter in mid-2019 saying that they "want no part in assisted suicide".[14]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Opinion_polling_for_the_2020_New_Zealand_euthanasia_referendum.svg/600px-Opinion_polling_for_the_2020_New_Zealand_euthanasia_referendum.svg.png)
Through 2020, following the act's assent, public support for it polled at 60–65%:
Date | Polling organisation | Sample size | For | Against | Undecided | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10–14 Oct 2020 | 1 News Colmar Brunton | 1,005 | 60 | 33 | 7 | 27 |
17–21 Sep 2020 | 1 News Colmar Brunton | 1,008 | 64 | 25 | 11 | 39 |
20–23 Aug 2020 | Research New Zealand | 1,003 | 62 | 24 | 14 | 38 |
9–13 Jul 2020 | Research New Zealand | 1,012 | 64 | 18 | 18 | 46 |
6-8 Mar 2020 | Research New Zealand | 1,000 | 60 | 21 | 19 | 39 |
8–12 Feb 2020 | 1 News Colmar Brunton | 1,004 | 65 | 25 | 9 | 40 |
27 Nov – 2 Dec 2019 | Research New Zealand | 750 | 70 | 24 | 6 | 48 |
17–26 Nov 2019 | Horizon Research | 1,521 | 70 | 30 | – | 40 |
20–24 Jul 2019 | 1 News Colmar Brunton | 1,003 | 72 | 20 | 7 | 52 |
19–29 Apr 2019 | Horizon Research Archived 4 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine | 1,341 | 74 | 19 | 7 | 55 |
Campaigning and endorsements
[edit]The rules regarding campaigning for referenda are the same as for general elections. All advertisements must carry a promoter statement, stating the name and physical address of the promoter. It is illegal to campaign on polling day, or within a 10-metre (33 ft) radius of an advance polling booth.
During the regulated period, which ran from 18 August to 16 October 2020, promoters have to declare their campaign expenses and there are limits on how much they may spend on referendum campaigning. The maximum expense limit was $338,000 per referendum for those promoters registered with the Electoral Commission, and $13,600 per referendum for unregistered promoters.[15]
Results
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2020_New_Zealand_euthanasia_referendum_results.svg/300px-2020_New_Zealand_euthanasia_referendum_results.svg.png)
Unlike the general election, a preliminary count for the euthanasia referendum was not conducted on election night (17 October 2020). Instead, the referendum votes were counted alongside the mandatory election recount.[16]
All voting papers, counterfoils and electoral rolls are returned to the electorate's returning officer for counting. During the count, the returning officer approves and counts any special votes,[a] and compiles a master electoral roll to ensure no-one has voted more than once.[18] To simplify processing and counting, overseas votes are sent and counted at the Electoral Commission's central processing centre in Wellington, rather than to electorate returning officers.[19]
Preliminary results for the referendums were released by the Electoral Commission on 30 October 2020. These results had 65.2% of people in support of the legislation.[20]
Following the counting of the 480,000 special votes, official results for the general election and referendums were released on 6 November. Based on the final results, 65.1% of people supported the legislation while 33.7% opposed it.[3] Three South Auckland electorates — Māngere, Manurewa and Panmure-Ōtāhuhu — voted against the End of Life Choices Act, perhaps due to conservative evangelical Pasifika Christianity's strength in those areas. By contrast, over three quarters of Auckland Central and Wellington Central voters supported introduction of the End of Life Choices Act in this referendum. Although these are metropolitan electorates, there were several other electorates that polled over seventy percent support for the proposed legislation that were not necessarily urban.[21]
The new legislation took effect on 7 November 2021.[22][23]
Option | Votes | |
---|---|---|
Num. | % | |
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1,893,290 | 65.91 |
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979,079 | 34.09 |
Total | 2,872,369 | 100.00 |
Informal votes | 35,702 | 1.23 |
Total votes cast | 2,908,071 | 100.00 |
Registered voters and turnout | 3,549,564 | 82.24 |
Euthanasia referendum results (excluding invalid votes) | |
---|---|
Yes 1,893,290 (65.9%) |
No 979,079 (34.1%) |
▲ 50% |
By polling place location
[edit]As each polling place had only one ballot box for ordinary referendum votes, ordinary votes were broken down by the general electorate where the polling place was located. Special votes were broken down by electorate. Both ordinary and special votes have been combined in the following table.[24]
Electorate | ![]() |
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Informal | Turnout | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Num. | % | Num | % | |||
Auckland Central | 28,889 | 76.88 | 8,690 | 23.12 | 417 | |
Banks Peninsula | 31,660 | 68.93 | 14,268 | 31.07 | 458 | |
Bay of Plenty | 31,743 | 69.11 | 14,186 | 30.89 | 401 | |
Botany | 22,417 | 57.25 | 16,740 | 42.75 | 575 | |
Christchurch Central | 30,899 | 67.87 | 14,629 | 32.13 | 603 | |
Christchurch East | 32,799 | 68.84 | 14,843 | 31.16 | 518 | |
Coromandel | 33,745 | 70.64 | 14,023 | 29.36 | 432 | |
Dunedin | 34,560 | 68.77 | 15,694 | 31.23 | 505 | |
East Coast | 34,645 | 65.84 | 17,972 | 34.16 | 710 | |
East Coast Bays | 29,890 | 68.03 | 17,972 | 31.97 | 416 | |
Epsom | 31,138 | 70.12 | 13,267 | 29.88 | 485 | |
Hamilton East | 28,862 | 62.10 | 17,616 | 37.90 | 591 | |
Hamilton West | 29,127 | 63.22 | 16,942 | 36.78 | 627 | |
Hutt South | 33,503 | 66.63 | 16,778 | 33.37 | 672 | |
Ilam | 27,562 | 64.88 | 14,921 | 35.12 | 453 | |
Invercargill | 26,536 | 63.77 | 15,076 | 36.23 | 404 | |
Kaikoura | 29,961 | 70.17 | 12,738 | 29.83 | 353 | |
Kaipara ki Mahurangi | 34,951 | 70.00 | 14,979 | 30.00 | 504 | |
Kelston | 19,078 | 58.72 | 13,411 | 41.28 | 583 | |
Mana | 25,331 | 63.87 | 14,979 | 36.13 | 559 | |
Māngere | 11,774 | 38.37 | 13,411 | 61.63 | 745 | |
Manurewa | 18,677 | 46.84 | 21,201 | 53.16 | 1,025 | |
Maungakiekie | 24,005 | 62.68 | 14,295 | 37.32 | 561 | |
Mount Albert | 30,697 | 71.46 | 12,260 | 28.54 | 561 | |
Mount Roskill | 21,326 | 55.66 | 16,990 | 44.34 | 779 | |
Napier | 32,530 | 70.95 | 13,321 | 29.05 | 519 | |
Nelson | 34,240 | 69.85 | 14,777 | 30.15 | 545 | |
New Lynn | 26,349 | 64.60 | 14,438 | 35.40 | 672 | |
New Plymouth | 31,526 | 66.57 | 15,835 | 33.43 | 461 | |
North Shore | 29,637 | 69.93 | 12,745 | 30.07 | 362 | |
Northcote | 28,002 | 68.08 | 13,128 | 31.92 | 468 | |
Northland | 34,542 | 67.25 | 16,819 | 32.75 | 636 | |
Ōhāriu | 27,437 | 67.70 | 13,093 | 32.30 | 434 | |
Ōtaki | 35,022 | 68.01 | 16,477 | 31.99 | 573 | |
Pakuranga | 25,091 | 62.83 | 14,842 | 37.17 | 483 | |
Palmerston North | 25,756 | 62.58 | 15,401 | 37.42 | 459 | |
Panmure-Ōtāhuhu | 14,868 | 47.54 | 16,406 | 52.46 | 956 | |
Papakura | 27,050 | 65.12 | 14,486 | 34.88 | 563 | |
Port Waikato | 28,886 | 67.71 | 13,763 | 32.29 | 446 | |
Rangitata | 29,775 | 65.57 | 15,632 | 34.43 | 475 | |
Rangitīkei | 29,312 | 65.80 | 15,236 | 34.20 | 396 | |
Remutaka | 26,608 | 64.29 | 14,781 | 35.71 | 511 | |
Rongotai | 29,505 | 69.92 | 12,696 | 30.08 | 761 | |
Rotorua | 29,376 | 64.94 | 15,862 | 35.06 | 582 | |
Selwyn | 27,738 | 69.72 | 12,046 | 30.28 | 284 | |
Southland | 27,664 | 68.83 | 12,526 | 31.17 | 327 | |
Taieri | 28,688 | 66.12 | 14,702 | 33.88 | 410 | |
Takanini | 17,251 | 56.73 | 13,158 | 43.27 | 624 | |
Tāmaki | 28,660 | 67.52 | 13,787 | 32.48 | 474 | |
Taranaki-King Country | 27,061 | 67.55 | 12,998 | 32.45 | 370 | |
Taupō | 33,842 | 68.11 | 15,842 | 31.89 | 453 | |
Tauranga | 33,647 | 65.59 | 17,652 | 34.41 | 506 | |
Te Atatū | 25,380 | 58.68 | 17,872 | 41.32 | 695 | |
Tukituki | 30,037 | 67.18 | 14,675 | 32.82 | 505 | |
Upper Harbour | 23,267 | 63.94 | 13,121 | 36.06 | 454 | |
Waikato | 24,346 | 64.77 | 13,241 | 35.23 | 419 | |
Waimakariri | 30,917 | 68.15 | 14,450 | 31.85 | 388 | |
Wairarapa | 33,290 | 69.38 | 14,693 | 30.62 | 467 | |
Waitaki | 28,862 | 68.03 | 13,566 | 31.97 | 401 | |
Wellington Central | 46,187 | 76.14 | 14,474 | 23.86 | 666 | |
West Coast-Tasman | 28,941 | 71.36 | 11,615 | 28.64 | 446 | |
Whanganui | 28,749 | 64.04 | 16,128 | 35.94 | 483 | |
Whangaparāoa | 29,539 | 68.24 | 13,747 | 31.76 | 304 | |
Whangārei | 34,823 | 67.85 | 16,500 | 32.15 | 642 | |
Wigram | 28,259 | 63.90 | 15,965 | 36.10 | 623 | |
Hauraki-Waikato | 3,915 | 58.71 | 2,753 | 41.29 | 255 | |
Ikaroa-Rāwhiti | 3,390 | 60.68 | 2,197 | 39.32 | 224 | |
Tāmaki Makaurau | 3,984 | 58.19 | 2,862 | 41.81 | 240 | |
Te Tai Hauāuru | 3,734 | 59.93 | 2,497 | 40.07 | 173 | |
Te Tai Tokerau | 3,942 | 59.15 | 2,722 | 40.85 | 204 | |
Te Tai Tonga | 4,157 | 67.63 | 1,990 | 32.37 | 185 | |
Waiariki | 3,753 | 57.63 | 2,759 | 42.37 | 241 | |
Total | 1,893,290 | 65.91 | 979,079 | 34.09 | 35,702 |
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Graham-McLay, Charlotte (13 November 2019). "New Zealand to vote in referendum on euthanasia". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
- ^ a b "End of Life Choice Act 2019 No 67, Public Act 2 Commencement – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ a b c "Official referendum results released | Elections". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "End of Life Choice Act implementation". Ministry of Health NZ. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d Jancic, Boris (13 November 2019). "Euthanasia bill passes final vote, goes to referendum". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
- ^ "Assisted dying: New Zealand - New Zealand Parliament". www.parliament.nz. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
- ^ Seymour, David. "Seymour lodges assisted dying Bill". ACT.org.nz. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^ "Euthanasia bill passes second reading". The New Zealand Herald. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
- ^ "Euthanasia bill passes second reading in Parliament". Radio New Zealand. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
- ^ a b Cooke, Henry (13 November 2019). "Euthanasia bill passes 69-51, sending the final decision to a referendum". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
- ^ Cooke, Henry (13 November 2019). "MPs vote in favour of End of Life Choice Bill at final reading". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Referendum on the End of Life Choice Act 2019". referendum.govt.nz. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ^ Patston, Philip (4 January 2020). "New poll shows most voters want assisted dying law change". End-of-Life Choice Society of NZ Inc. Archived from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ Collins, Simon (22 June 2019). "1000 Kiwi doctors sign letter against euthanasia". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- ^ "Change in regulated period | Elections". elections.nz. Electoral Commission. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
- ^ "About the 2020 General Election". vote.nz. Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ "Can't get to a voting place?". Elections.nz. Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ^ "How are general election votes counted?". Elections.nz. Electoral Commission. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ^ "Party Secretary Handbook - 2020 General Election and Referendums" (PDF). Electoral Commission.
- ^ "New Zealand euthanasia: Assisted dying to be legal for terminally ill people". BBC News. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
- ^ "Referendum Results". Electoral Commission. Spreadsheet results for individual electorates at the bottom of the web page. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ "Assisted Dying Service". New Zealand Ministry of Health. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
- ^ "Referendum results: End of Life Choice Act passes, legalising assisted dying". 30 October 2020.
- ^ "2020 Referendum Results by electorate". Electoral Commission. 6 November 2020.