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2022 Bangkok gubernatorial election

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2022 Bangkok gubernatorial election

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Registered4,402,941
Turnout60.73% (Decrease 3.25 pp)
 
Chadchart May 2022.jpg
Suchatvee Suwansawat 14 Oct 2022.jpg
วิโรจน์_ลักขณาอดิศร.jpg
Candidate Chadchart Sittipunt Suchatvee Suwansawat Wiroj Lakkhanaadisorn
Party Independent Democrat Move Forward
Popular vote 1,386,769 254,723 253,938
Percentage 52.65% 9.67% 9.64%

 
Sakoltee Phattiyakul (2018).png
Aswin Kwanmuang 2019.png
Candidate Sakoltee Phattiyakul Aswin Kwanmuang
Party Independent Independent (Rak Krung Thep Group)
Popular vote 230,534 214,805
Percentage 8.75% 8.15%

Gubernatorial election results map. Shades of green denote the percentage points of votes Chadchart gained in each district.

Governor before election

Aswin Kwanmuang
(Appointed)

Elected Governor

Chadchart Sittipunt
Independent

The eleventh election for the governorship of Bangkok was held on 22 May 2022.[1] It took place 9 years after the latest election in 2013, long delayed due to the 2014 coup d'état.[2][3]

Chadchart Sittipunt, an independent candidate who was a member of the Pheu Thai Party, won the election in a landslide. He gained over 1.38 million votes, breaking the record set by Sukhumbhand Paribatra in 2013. Chadchart won an outright majority—over 1 million votes more than the second leading candidate, Suchatvee Suwansawat, who contested for the Democrat Party.[4][5][6][7]

Background

[edit]

After the 2014 coup d'état, the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) became the military government in control of Thailand. It ordered all local elections to be halted,[8] while the governor of Bangkok, Sukhumbhand Paribatra, remained in his position.[9] In 2016, Sukhumbhand was removed by the NCPO and replaced by Aswin Kwanmuang, the Deputy Governor of Bangkok at the time.[10]

With the adoption of the 2017 constitution, the military government was disbanded following general elections held in 2019, though the charter made no provisions regarding the schedule of a return to elected local government. On 14 March 2022, the Election Commission of Thailand (ECT) announced that the Bangkok gubernatorial election will be held on 22 May 2022, occurring simultaneously with the Bangkok Metropolitan Council election and the local elections in Pattaya.[1]

Candidates

[edit]

Over 31 candidates contested in this gubernatorial election. There are 25 and 6 male and female candidates respectively. The oldest candidate is 72 years old and the youngest is 43 years old.[11]

Number Name Occupation
1 Move Forward Party Wiroj Lakkhanaadisorn Member of the House of Representatives
(2019–2022)
2 Independent Thita Rangsitpol Manitkul Member of the House of Representatives
(2001–2005)
3 Independent Sakoltee Phattiyakul Deputy Governor of Bangkok
(2018–2022)
4 Democrat Party Suchatvee Suwansawat President of King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
(2015–2021)
5 Independent Weerachai Laoruangwattana
6 Independent (Rak Krung Thep Group) Aswin Kwanmuang Governor of Bangkok
(2016–2022)
7 Independent Rosana Tositrakul Senator
(2008–2014)
8 Independent Chadchart Sittipunt Minister of Transport
(2012–2014)
9 Independent Watcharee Wannasri
10 Independent Supachai Tantikom Adviser to the governor of Bangkok
11 Thai Sang Thai Party Sita Tiwaree Chairman of the Airports of Thailand Board of Directors
(2013–2014)
12 Independent Prayoon Krongyoth Deputy Director of the Bangkok Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Department
(2017–2020)
13 Independent Paisal Kittiyaowaman
14 Independent Thanet Wongsa Businessman
15 Independent Tootpreecha Loetsantatwati
16 Independent (Sai Jai Group) Sasikarn Waddhanachan
17 Independent Uthen Chatphinyo
18 Independent Sumana Phanphairoj Former director of the Community and Social Welfare Department, Thonburi District Office
19 Palang Sangkhom Mai Party Kraidech Bunnak
20 Independent Amonpan Oonsuwan
21 Independent Niphanphon Suwanchana
22 Independent Warunchai Chokchana
23 Independent Chalermpol Utarat
24 Independent Kosit Suwinitchit Adviser to the Minister of Justice
(2020–2022)
25 Independent Praphat Banjongsiricharoen
26 Independent Mongkol Nguenwatthana
27 Independent Poompat Atsawapumpin
28 Independent Sarawut Benchakul Chairman of the Airports of Thailand Board of Directors
(2020–2022)
29 Thai Citizen Party Kritchai Phayomyaem
30 Green Union Phongsa Chunaem
31 Independent Whitthaya Jangkobpatthana

Campaigning

[edit]
A Chadchart campaign banner in Bang Bon district. Chadchart said that the vinyl banners can later be used to make bags after the election ends.[12]

Chadchart Sittipunt, the former Minister of Transport during Yingluck Shinawatra's government, and Rosana Tositrakul, a former senator, have announced their plans to run for Governor of Bangkok since 2019. Other candidates gradually announced their candidacy starting from the last months of 2021. Like other elections in Thailand, candidates campaign by visiting voters' houses, attaching campaign banners to utility poles or trees, and holding campaign rallies.[13][14][15] Several debates were also held in the weeks leading up to the election.[16][17][18]

Campaign positions

[edit]

Chadchart campaigned on a platform of improving lives of the grassroots population, the environment, the usage of new technology and the economy.[19] Rosana campaigned on dredging canals to improve flood management and employing unemployed people do to so. She also campaigned to encourage the use of more solar panels, designating land for lower-income Bangkokians to do organic farming, and revising city planning and zoning regulations to lessen benefits given to major corporations.[20] Suchatvee campaigned to create a welfare city, build underground flood reservoirs, build laboratory schools in every district, and propose for Bangkok to be the host city of the 2036 Summer Olympics and the 2026 Commonwealth Games co-host with Victoria, Australia.[19][21] Wiroj campaigned on creating policies to divert more funds to individual communities, repurposing abandoned land into public parks, building public housing in city centres, and quashing bribery in the administration.[22][23] Aswin Kwanmuang campaigned about flood-prevention measures, solving the issue of there not being enough designated green areas, connect different modes of public transport, and promised to continue the work he had previously done as the incumbent governor of Bangkok.[24] Sakoltee campaigned on using artificial intelligence to solve traffic congestion, create new public transport routes for minor roads, using electric buses, and improving public parks.[25][26] Sita Tiwaree campaigned on using blockchain technology to improve the quality of administrative processes, improving the quality of BMA schools, encouraging the use of electric vehicles, and employing the use of bounty system to increase citizen participation in law enforcement.[27]

Attempts to manipulate voters

[edit]

Almost all opinion polls showed that Chadchart was the leading candidate.[28] As a result, many conservative or anti-Thaksin figures have attempted to manipulate voters and called for voters to vote strategically.[29] Examples include Suthep Thaugsuban, former Deputy Prime Minister, who said that people should elect Sakoltee instead of Chadchart because the latter "received benefits from Thaksinocracy." Major General Nanthadech Mechsawasd, former head of the Special Operations branch of the Armed Force Security Center made a post on Facebook, calling for people who dislike Thaksin Shinawatra to elect Sakoltee and outvote Chadchart.[30] In the last days before the election, Rosana used the same method, and said that people who are loyal to King Bhumibol's guidance would never vote for a corrupt person to be in public office.[31]

A few days before election day, internet users alleged that they received a text message encouraging them to elect Suchatvee, the Democrat Party candidate. The Democrat Party's deputy spokesperson Darunwan Chanpipattanachai denied in an interview that the party was officially involved with the text messages being sent and did not know where they came from.[32]

Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha visited Khlong Ong Ang which was seen as supporting Aswin's campaign for his second term, although an explicit endorsement wasn't made as there were legal limitations on the Prime Minister's part. Additionally, Aswin garnered the support of some Palang Pracharat councillor candidates, who helped him in his campaign.[33]

Election Day

[edit]
A polling station.

On election day, there were special areas in polling booths designated for people who are infected with COVID-19 pandemic. Temperature checks were performed and hand sanitisers were available. Pens taken from home were allowed for people taking extra precautions against being infected.[34] Polling stations were open from 8 AM to 5 PM. In some spots, people queued up in front of polling stations before they were open such as Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal (formerly Bang Sue Grand Station), where there were 8 polling stations.

During the election, Chairman of the Election Commission Ittiporn Boonprakong told the press that pens having colours other than blue are not allowed, and if found to be used on a ballot it will be considered spoilt. Meanwhile, Permanent Secretary to the BMA and Director of Bangkok Local Elections later clarified that pens of colours other than blue can be used as long as it can be clearly seen on the ballot. The conflict of information generated widespread criticism online.[35]

Results

[edit]
CandidatePartyVotes%
Chadchart SittipuntIndependent1,386,76952.65
Suchatvee SuwansawatDemocrat Party254,7239.67
Wiroj LakkhanaadisornMove Forward Party253,9389.64
Sakoltee PhattiyakulIndependent230,5348.75
Aswin KwanmuangIndependent (Rak Krung Thep Group)214,8058.15
Rosana TositrakulIndependent79,0093.00
Sita TiwareeThai Sang Thai Party73,8262.80
Weerachai LaoruangwattanaIndependent20,7500.79
Thita Rangsitpol ManitkulIndependent19,8590.75
Watcharee WannasriIndependent8,2800.31
Kosit SuwinitchitIndependent3,2470.12
Prayoon KrongyothIndependent2,2190.08
Supachai TantikomIndependent2,1890.08
Sasikarn WaddhanachanIndependent2,1290.08
Warunchai ChokchanaIndependent1,1280.04
Thanet WongsaIndependent1,0940.04
Sumana PhanphairojIndependent9090.03
Paisal KittiyaowamanIndependent8680.03
Whitthaya JangkobpatthanaIndependent8130.03
Uthen ChatphinyoIndependent7570.03
Kraidech BunnakPalang Sangkhom Mai Party6360.02
Tootpreecha LoetsantatwatiIndependent5740.02
Amonpan OonsuwanIndependent5580.02
Kritchai PhayomyaemThai Citizen Party4940.02
Praphat BanjongsiricharoenIndependent4600.02
Chalermpol UtaratIndependent4320.02
Phongsa ChunaemGreen Union4240.02
Poompat AtsawapumpinIndependent3910.01
Mongkol NguenwatthanaIndependent3600.01
Niphanphon SuwanchanaIndependent3420.01
Sarawut Benchakul (disqualified)Independent00.00
None of the above71,6442.72
Total2,634,161100.00
Valid votes2,634,16198.52
Invalid/blank votes39,6651.48
Total votes2,673,826100.00
Registered voters/turnout4,367,28561.22
Ballots being counted in a polling station in Bang Bon district.

Result analysis by the media and various figures

[edit]

Election results show that Chadchart won with 1,386,769 votes, the highest in any Bangkok gubernatorial election.[5] Workpoint Today analysed that Chadchart's landslide victory came from several factors, including that he ran as an independent, his policies during his tenure as Minister of Transportation which were sabotaged, a clear vision, his follower number on Facebook which was higher than any other candidate, and that he took two years to prepare for the election. Director of the Office of Innovations for Democracy, King Prajadhipok's Institute Satithorn Thananithichoti opined that people elected Chadchart because they didn't want to see massive change, only the effective administration of the capital such as collecting garbage on time or designating more green areas.[36]

Anusorn Thamjai of the Pridi Banomyong International College, Thammasat University, proposed the idea that this election showed the far-right, anti-democracy groups were weakening in numbers and were not popular within the younger population. Progressive, liberal and pro-democracy ideas, however, are growing more popular.[37] Thitinan Pongsuttirak said that this election is symbolic of the people's dissatisfaction with the government's failures and a country that has been under military rule for so long.[38] Yutthaporn Issarachai analysed that this election will affect the upcoming general election as people are fed up with the current government, of which Thaksin Shinawatra has the same view.[39] However, Thaksin added that Chadchart also received votes from Move Forward Party voters who were voting strategically in hopes of giving Chadchart a landslide.[40]

Opinion polls

[edit]

Preferred governor

[edit]
Fieldwork date(s) Polling Firm Sample Aswin Chadchart Rosana Suchatvee Wiroj Sakoltee Chaktip Haven't decided Others Lead
9 - 10 May 2022 NIDA 1,354 11.37% 45.13% 3.32% 8.94% 9.75% 3.77% - 9.23% 17.72% 33.76%
27 - 29 April 2022 NIDA 1,357 11.27% 44.58% 2.28% 8.99% 6.93% 3.17% - 11.42% 11.36% 33.31%
5 - 7 April 2022 NIDA 1,362 10.06% 38.84% 1.98% 6.83% 6.02% 2.28% - 26.58% 7.41% 28.78%
28 February - 2 March 2022 NIDA 1,313 11.73% 38.01% 3.73% 8.61% 8.83% - - 13.40% 15.69% 26.28%
31 January - 2 February 2022 NIDA 1,324 12.09% 37.24% 3.55% 11.03% 8.08% 1.81% - 5.59% 20.61% 25.15%
23 - 25 December 2021 NIDA 1,317 10.25% 38.80% 3.26% 13.06% - 1.90% - 11.85% 19.06% 25.74%
29 November - 1 December 2021 NIDA 1,318 17.07% 34.37% 5.54% 4.86% - 1.21% - 11.68% 25.27% 17.30%
1 - 3 November 2021 NIDA 1,320 16.59% 33.18% 5.91% 4.09% - 1.82% - 14.09% 24.32% 16.59%
27 - 30 September 2021 NIDA 1,318 9.33% 29.74% 4.10% 3.26% - 1.29% 13.66% 27.92% 10.70% 16.08%
30 August - 2 September 2021 NIDA 1,317 9.57% 27.71% 4.10% 1.67% - 0.76% 15.49% 24.60% 12.46% 12.22%
30 June - 2 July 2021 NIDA 1,315 9.58% 26.16% 3.04% 1.37% - 1.29% 14.60% 27.98% 15.98% 11.56%
31 May - 2 June 2021 NIDA 1,313 10.59% 23.84% 3.43% 2.05% - 1.14% 12.57% 30.62% 15.76% 11.27%
31 March - 2 April 2021 NIDA 1,316 8.66% 24.77% 2.89% 1.59% - 0.91% 11.93% 32.67% 16.58% 12.84%
2 - 3 March 2021 NIDA 1,315 7.68% 22.43% 4.26% 3.35% - 1.75% 15.51% 29.96% 15.06% 6.92%

Reaction

[edit]

Secretary of the Move Forward Party Chaithawat Tulathon revealed that Wiroj received 2-3 times fewer votes than had been projected, referencing numbers from the 2019 general election, speculating that Bangkokians are not in favour of the party's vision of what the governor should do. Chaithawat said "This is a matter that we can think about later, but there are also people who say that the Move Forward Party is better off working in politics at a national level, but that is not the case. It is because there are people who are ready to elect Move Forward Party councillor candidates but not Wiroj for Governor of Bangkok because the voters expect another vision of who should be the governor, but they will certainly accept Wiroj working in national politics."[41] An unnamed Democrat Party politician says that this election would test Democrat Party Leader Jurin Laksanawisit's theory of Prayut affecting the Democrat Party's electoral prospects. Jurin said in a press conference that the election result was satisfactory for the Democrat Party but Suchatvee's numbers were still lower than what the Democrat Party got in the 2019 general election.[41]

Chadchart said "Today is a very meaningful day for me personally. 8 years ago I was involved in the coup. They put a bag over my head, my hands were tied and I was brought to a location which I did not know because they covered my head both when I was taken there and when I was taken out of there. I'm not angry, vengeful or hateful but rather I am forgiving of the situation that happened. However, it is a memory that constantly reminds me that when people start to have violent disagreements, get angry at one another, there will be a group of people who benefit from that. We can disagree on matters but not get angry at each other. Don't hate each other." Chadchart suggested civil servants in the administration to read policies he proposed on his campaign website. He said that if the civil servants did not listen to what the people want, then they would have a hard time doing their job. When asked if he can work with the government, Chadchart said that more people voted for him than the Prime Minister but he didn't say that to taunt him. He said that he can work with the government per rules and regulations.[42]

Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha said that the election was only for one province and couldn't accurately reflect his or his government's popularity nationwide.[43]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Bangkok, Pattaya elections set for May 22, on coup anniversary". nationthailand. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  2. ^ pum (13 December 2021). "ประยุทธ์ ประกาศ เลือกตั้งผู้ว่าฯ กทม. ไม่เกินกลางปี 2565". ประชาชาติธุรกิจ (in Thai).
  3. ^ "Suchatvee named Democrat candidate for Bangkok governor". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  4. ^ "เช็คผลเลือกตั้งผู้ว่าฯกทม. 22 พ.ค. "ชัชชาติ" ที่ 1 ตรวจคะแนนทุกเบอร์ ที่นี่!". กรุงเทพธุรกิจ (in Thai). 22 May 2022.
  5. ^ a b "นับครบแล้ว 100% ผลเลือกตั้งอย่างไม่เป็นทางการ คะแนน 'ชัชชาติ' สร้างสถิติใหม่". ข่าวสด (in Thai). 22 May 2022.
  6. ^ "สรุปคะแนนเลือกตั้งผู้ว่าฯ กทม. 100% ที่ 2 สุชัชวีร์ เฉือน วิโรจน์ 785 คะแนน". ประชาชาติธุรกิจ (in Thai). 22 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  7. ^ "Chadchart receives EC's endorsement". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  8. ^ https://www.ect.go.th/uttaradit/ewt_dl.php?nid=96 ประกาศ คณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ ฉบับที่ 85 เรื่อง การได้มาซึ่งสมาชิกสภาท้องถิ่นหรือผู้บริหารท้องถิ่นเป็นการชั่วคราว
  9. ^ [1] คำสั่งหัวหน้าคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ ที่ ๑/๒๕๕๗ เรื่อง การได้มาซึ่งสมาชิกสภาท้องถิ่นหรือผู้บริหารท้องถิ่นเป็นการชั่วคราว
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  12. ^ วิศรุต สินพงศพร (22 May 2022). "LANDSLIDE วิเคราะห์ชัชชาติ ชนะถล่มทลาย". Workpoint Today (in Thai). Retrieved 22 May 2022.
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  14. ^ แค่เริ่มก็รก ! ป้ายหาเสียงผู้ว่าฯ กทม.ขึ้นพรึ่บ แต่ปชช. โวย ขวางทางเดินยาก มองไม่เห็น : Matichon TV (in Thai), retrieved 30 March 2022
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  16. ^ "5 ตัวเต็ง ประชันวิสัยทัศน์ ดีเบต โค้งสุดท้ายก่อนเลือกตั้งผู้ว่าฯ กทม". สปริงนิวส์ (in Thai). 16 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  17. ^ "จุฬาฯ จัดเวทีดีเบตโชว์วิสัยทัศน์ 4 ผู้สมัครผู้ว่าฯ กทม./สทท.แถลงดัชนีฯท่องเที่ยว". ryt9 (in Thai). Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  18. ^ "ร่วมเกาะติดไปกับเวทีดีเบต "โค้งสุดท้าย...ศึกชิงผู้ว่าฯ กทม. 65" 15 พฤษภาคมนี้". NationTV (in Thai). 2 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  19. ^ a b matichon (14 December 2021). "เปิดฉากศึกเลือกตั้งผู้ว่าฯ กทม. ชัชชาติ VS เอ้ โชว์นโยบาย". มติชนออนไลน์ (in Thai).
  20. ^ "เปิดวิสัยทัศน์ "รสนา โตสิตระกูล" ลอกคลองทุกสาย ระบายน้ำท่วม เพิ่มพื้นที่ปลูกผักอินทรีย์ มีรายได้". pptvhd36.com (in Thai).
  21. ^ "'สุชัชวีร์' เปิดตัวโชว์วิสัยทัศน์ ชูเปลี่ยนกทม.เมืองสวัสดิการทันสมัย มั่นใจแก้ปัญหาคนกรุง น้ำท่วม-การศึกษา". workpointTODAY (in Thai).
  22. ^ "ก้าวไกล เปิดตัว "วิโรจน์" ลงชิงผู้ว่าฯ กทม. ภายใต้สโลแกน พร้อมชน เพื่อคนกรุงเทพฯ". www.sanook.com/news (in Thai).
  23. ^ matichon (27 March 2022). "'วิโรจน์' เปิด 12 นโยบาย ชูเพิ่มเบี้ยผู้สูงอายุ-คนพิการ-เด็ก เจอส่วยแจ้งผู้ว่าฯกทม.ต้องไร้คอร์รัปชั่น". มติชนออนไลน์ (in Thai).
  24. ^ matichon (28 March 2022). "'อัศวิน' ลั่นสู้เกินร้อย ชู 8 นโยบายชิงผู้ว่า เปิดตัว 'คนลุยเมือง' ดึงรุ่นใหม่ร่วมงาน". มติชนออนไลน์ (in Thai).
  25. ^ ""สกลธี ภัททิยกุล" ชูนโยบายล้อ ราง เรือ ดึงคนกรุงใช้รถสาธารณะ". pptvhd36.com (in Thai).
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  27. ^ ""ศิธา" เปิดตัวชิงผู้ว่าฯกทม.ลั่น"จะทำในสิ่งที่ผู้ว่าฯคนอื่นไม่เคยทำ"". posttoday.com (in Thai). 30 March 2022.
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  30. ^ "ล้ม "ชัชชาติ" เชิงยุทธศาสตร์ "ไม่เลือกเราเขามาแน่" ภาค 2". กรุงเทพธุรกิจ (in Thai). 7 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  31. ^ "รสนา ปล่อยไพ่ โค้งสุดท้าย บอก ไม่เลือกรสนา ชัชชาติมาแน่". มติชนออนไลน์ (in Thai). 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  32. ^ "ประชาธิปัตย์ ยันไม่ได้เป็นคนส่ง SMS ปริศนา เลิกทะเลาะ ชวนกาเบอร์ 4". ข่าวสด (in Thai). 21 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  33. ^ "อนุรักษ์เทคะแนน ก้าวหน้าตัดคะแนน โค้งสุดท้ายเลือกตั้งผู้ว่าฯ กทม. ใครจะเข้าวิน?". The MATTER. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  34. ^ "ประชาชนทยอยใช้สิทธิเลือกตั้งผู้ว่าฯ กทม. และ ส.ก. ตั้งแต่ช่วงเช้า". ประชาไท. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  35. ^ "งงในงง! ปมสีปากกาเลือกตั้ง ปธ.กกต.พูดไม่ตรงปลัดกทม. ผวาเป็นบัตรเสีย". ข่าวสดออนไลน์. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  36. ^ "The Bangkok decider". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  37. ^ "นักวิชาการมองผลการเลือกตั้งผู้ว่าฯ กทม. สะท้อนเสียงไม่เห็นด้วยกับการรัฐประหาร". ประชาไท. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  38. ^ "Bangkok votes in new governor for first time in nine years". Reuters. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  39. ^ "Thaksin-linked candidate set to win Bangkok governor election". Nikkei Asia.
  40. ^ "ทักษิณ ชี้ ความทุกข์ยากจาก "ชัตดาวน์กรุงเทพฯ" ทำคนเทคะแนนชัชชาติ". BBC News ไทย (in Thai). 22 May 2022.
  41. ^ a b "วิเคราะห์ : ก้าวต่อไปของ "แลนด์สไลด์" กับการ "คัมแบ็ก" ของประชาธิปัตย์ ?". BBC ไทย (in Thai). 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  42. ^ "ชัชชาติ ไฟแรง สั่งข้าราชการ กทม. อ่านนโยบาย 213 ข้อ มั่นใจอยู่ครบ 4 ปี". ประชาชาติธุรกิจ (in Thai). 22 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  43. ^ "'บิ๊กตู่' ฉุนสื่อรุกถามคะแนน 'ชัชชาติ' แลนด์สไลด์เมืองหลวง บอกแค่จังหวัดเดียวในประเทศ". มติชนออนไลน์ (in Thai). 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.