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2022 Maltese general election

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2022 Maltese general election
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All seats in the House of Representatives
Turnout85.63% (Decrease 6.43pp)
  First party Second party
 
Leader Robert Abela Bernard Grech
Party Labour Nationalist
Last election 55.04%, 37 seats 42.12%, 28 seats
Seats won 44 35
Seat change Increase 7 Increase 7
Popular vote 162,707 123,233
Percentage 55.11% 41.74%
Swing Increase0.07pp Decrease1.94pp
Results by constituency
Prime Minister before election

Robert Abela
Labour

Elected Prime Minister

Robert Abela
Labour

General elections were held in Malta on 26 March 2022 to elect all members of the House of Representatives.

The Labour Party, which had governed Malta since 2013, won a second term in 2017 election under then-leader Joseph Muscat. Simon Busuttil, the leader of the opposition Nationalist Party, resigned after the 2017 election and was replaced by Adrian Delia. Muscat was faced with a political crisis and mass protests in 2019, after which he resigned as prime minister in January 2020. Robert Abela succeeded him as prime minister and leader of the Labour Party in January 2020, while Bernard Grech succeeded Delia later that year.

Journalists noted that the campaign was overshadowed by the Russian invasion of Ukraine and that it was the "quietest in decades". Six political parties nominated their candidates for the 2022 general election. The Labour Party and its leader campaigned on investing in green urbanism and environmental issues, while the Nationalist Party pledged a one billion investment in ten new economic sectors. The AD+PD campaigned on proposals for LGBT rights, while the People's Party campaigned on increasing the minimum wage and abolishing green passes. Additionally, ABBA supported the investigation into abortion-rights activists, while Volt Malta supported the legalisation of abortion. Opinion polls in the run-up to the election indicated another victory for Labour Party.

The Labour Party retained its majority in parliament, winning a third consecutive election for the first time since 1981 with 55.11% of the popular vote, the largest share since 1955, marginally surpassing the 55.04% it scored in 2017. Voter turnout was 86%. As a result of a constitutional amendment, Article 52(A), passed before the elections, twelve seats were added to the House of Representatives and were given to women from both parties, so as to limit male dominance.[1] Abela formed his new cabinet four days after the election.

Background

[edit]
Joseph Muscat in 2020
Joseph Muscat served as prime minister of Malta from 2013 until his resignation in 2020.

The previous election, which was held in June 2017, saw the Labour Party, which has governed the country since 2013, receive 55% of the popular vote and win 37 out of 67 seats in the House of Representatives.[2] Despite the allegations of corruption towards Joseph Muscat, who had served as Prime Minister of Malta since 2013, the confidence of the government was renewed in this election.[3][4] Following the election, Simon Busuttil resigned as leader of the Nationalist Party, and was replaced by Adrian Delia.[5][6] Daphne Caruana Galizia, a writer and anti-corruption activist who exposed Labour Party politicians Konrad Mizzi and Keith Schembri after being named in the Panama Papers leak, was assassinated in October 2017 in a car bomb attack.[7][8][9] The assassination eventually culminated into a political crisis that reached its peak during 2019.[10] Subsequently, mass protests were organised between November 2019 and January 2020 in Malta and among the Maltese diaspora internationally.[11][12] Muscat announced his resignation in December 2019, which took effect the following month.[13] He remained in the House as a backbencher, but resigned in October 2020.[14]

Robert Abela won the subsequent Labour Party leadership election, defeating Chris Fearne.[15][16][17] He was sworn in on 13 January 2020.[18] Abela appointed Miriam Dalli and Clyde Caruana to his new cabinet.[19] However, after not being included in Abela's new cabinet, Deputy Labour Party leader Chris Cardona resigned and retired from politics.[20] In October 2020, Delia lost the leadership election to Bernard Grech, who then succeeded him as leader of the parliamentary opposition.[21][22] Education minister Justyne Caruana resigned in December 2021, following claims that she abused her power.[23] Labour MP Silvio Grixti also resigned from the House that month.[24]

Electoral system

[edit]
Politics of Malta
Republic
Government
Parliament
Judiciary
Political parties
Recent elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations

Most Maltese MPs are elected from 13 five-seat constituencies by single transferable vote.[25] Candidates who pass the Hagenbach-Bischoff quota in the first round are elected, and any surplus votes transferred to the remaining candidates, who will be elected if this enables them to pass the quota.[25] The lowest ranked candidates are then eliminated one-by-one with their preferences transferred to other candidates, who are elected as they achieve the quota, until all five seats are filled.[26]

Other seats are filled to achieve other types of fairness. If a party wins a majority of first preference votes but fails to achieve a parliamentary majority, they are awarded seats to ensure a one-seat majority, if they are one of only two parties to obtain seats.[26] As well, 12 seats are awarded to unsuccessful candidates of the "under-represented gender" if it receives less than 40 percent of the seats.[27] Thus the Maltese parliament in total has 79 members.

While the ranked preferential system used is technically proportional, the low number of seats per constituency (five) means that parties can only receive one or more seats if they receive at least 16.7% of the vote in a district,[a] so smaller parties that gets more than one-sixth of the votes in any district are excluded from representation. Malta has a stable two-party system, with only the Labour Party and Nationalist Party having a realistic chance of forming a government, and in many cases sharing all the seats between them. [28][29] Prior to the 2017 elections, when the Democratic Party won two seats while running in a joint list with the Nationalist Party, the last time a party other than the Labour Party or the Nationalist Party won seats was in 1962.[30][31] The two-party system is maintained voluntarily as part of the country's political culture. In any district in Malta, if just 4000 voters or so voted for a third-party candidate, that candidate would be elected. A voting block of that size is about 1/65th of votes cast overall. The size of that effective voting block is determined by the number of Maltese MPs - Malta has 65 district-elected MPs. If Malta used list PR, it seems the same number of votes would determine a seat as well. In list PR in Netherlands, about 70,000 votes (1/150th of the overall votes cast) is the threshold to take one seat - the Netherlands has 150 members.[32][33]

In 2018 the government of Malta lowered the national voting age to 16.[34] During the last legislature a gender-corrective mechanism was introduced, with Article 52A of the Constitution stating that provides for up to 12 additional seats for unelected candidates from "the under-represented sex" in case one of both makes up less than 40% of the elected MPs.[35] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, arrangements were being made for drive-through voting.[36][37] After much speculation, Abela announced the election date on 20 February 2022, with the election set for 26 March.[38][39][40][41] Earlier that morning, the House of Representatives was dissolved by president George Vella, upon Abela's recommendation.[42]

Political parties

[edit]
See also: List of political parties in Malta

The table below lists parties represented in the House of Representatives after the 2017 general election.

Name Ideology Political position Leader 2017 result
Votes (%) Seats
Labour Party Social democracy Centre-left Joseph Muscat 55.04%
37 / 67
PN–PD Christian democracy Centre Simon Busuttil 43.68%
30 / 67

Pre-election composition

[edit]

During the 2017–2022 convocation, several MPs resigned; Emmanuel Mallia resigned upon his appointment as the Maltese High Commissioner for the United Kingdom.[43] Helena Dalli resigned upon her appointment as European Commissioner.[44] Etienne Grech resigned for personal reasons.[45] Edward Scicluna resigned and was appointed governor of the Central Bank of Malta upon his resignation. The race to fill his seat was won by Gavin Gulia, who however resigned almost immediately after being sworn in.[46] Gulia's seat was filled by then Disability Commissioner Oliver Scicluna.[47] Marthese Portelli resigned to take a post within the Malta Developers' Association.[48] David Thake, himself a having taken a vacant seat (that of Busuttil), resigned due a tax scandal.[49][50] Frederick Azzopardi died due to illness in October 2020.[51]

Party Seats
Labour Party 36
Nationalist Party 28
Independent 3

Participating parties

[edit]

The Labour Party filed 122 nominations, while the Nationalist Party filed 108 nominations. ABBA filed 29 nominations in total, while AD+PD filed 20, and the People's Party filed 15 nominations. Volt Malta only filed four nominations.[52]

Name Founded Leader(s) Main ideology Political position
Labour Party 1920 Robert Abela Social democracy Centre-left
Nationalist Party 1926 Bernard Grech Christian democracy Centre-right
AD+PD 2020 Carmel Cacopardo Green politics Centre-left
People's Party 2020 Paul Salomone Right-wing populism Far-right
Volt Malta 2021 Arnas Lasys
Alexia DeBono 		Progressivism Centre
ABBA 2021 Ivan Grech Mintoff Christian right Far-right

Campaign

[edit]
A billboard with an Ukrainian flag during the electoral campaign for the 2022 general election in Malta
A billboard with the Ukrainian flag which was put over Labour Party banners during the campaign. News regarding the Russian invasion of Ukraine overshadowed the news of the electoral campaign in Malta.

The campaign began on 21 February, and it lasted until 24 March, while the election silence occurred on 25 March.[53][54] During the first week of the campaign, Nationalist Party politicians Claudio Grech, Kirsty Debono, and Clyde Puli, decided not to run, including Rachael Scicluna, a Labour politician.[55][56] The Journal noted that the campaign was the "quietest ever", due to "uninspiring proposals" and external events that overshadowed the electoral campaign.[57] According to journalist Julian Bonnici, it was also noted that events that caused the 2019 political crisis and 2019–2020 protests, had "exhausted the voters".[58] Moreover, the outcome was seemed to be already given, with polls indicating another Labour Party victory, but also with the Russian invasion of Ukraine overshadowing the electoral campaign events.[59][60][61] Although, the campaign was also termed to be free of major scandals that would influence the outcome of the vote.[62] It was also noted that the Labour Party has spent more money on campaign than the Nationalist Party.[63]

Slogans

[edit]
Party Original slogan English translation Refs
Labour Party Malta Flimkien Malta Together [64][65]
Nationalist Party Miegħek għal Malta With you for Malta [64][66]
AD+PD Xkupa Ħadra Tnaddaf Green Sweeps Clean [67]
People's Party Familja, Nazzjon, Liberta Family, Nation, Liberty [68]
Volt Malta Ivvota aħjar. Ivvota Volt. Vote Better. Vote Volt. [69]

Debates

[edit]
2022 Maltese general election debates
Date Time Organizers     P  Present    A  Absent invitee  N  Non-invitee 
Labour Nationalist AD+PD Volt People's ABBA Refs
4 March 11:00 am The Malta Chamber P
Robert Abela 		P
Bernard Grech 		N N N N [70]
10 March 12:00 pm MUDU P
Robert Abela 		P
Bernard Grech 		P
Carmel Cacopardo 		N P
Paul Salamone 		P
Ivan Grech Mintoff 		[71][72]
11 March 17:30 pm IRAA P
Evarist Bartolo 		P
Carm Mifsud Bonnici 		P
Ralph Cassar 		P
Arnas Lasys 		N N [73]
14 March 11:00 am Chamber of SMEs P
Robert Abela 		P
Bernard Grech 		N N N N [71]
14 March 11:00 am TVM N N A P
Kass Mallia 		P
Paul Salamone 		P
Ivan Grech Mintoff 		[74]
16 March 11:00 am CCEI P
Robert Abela 		P
Bernard Grech 		N N N N [71]
23 March 9:00 pm TVM P
Robert Abela 		P
Bernard Grech 		N N N N [75]

Party campaigns

[edit]

Labour Party

[edit]
"Malta Together", a slogan used by the Labour Party during the campaign period
"Malta Together", a slogan used by the Labour Party during the campaign period

The Labour Party began its campaign in late February, during which the party stated its pledge to convert Floriana's St Anne Street into a public garden.[76] In mid-March, the Labour Party released its election manifesto, which included investments in green urban areas, an extension to free child care to all, and slashing corporate tax rates.[77][78] Abela primarily campaigned on environmental issues.[79][80] Joseph Muscat, the former prime minister, also participated in Labour Party campaigns.[81][82]

Nationalist Party

[edit]

The election program of the Nationalist Party was released on 24 February, which had included 540 proposals in total.[83] The party also pledged a one billion investment in ten new economic sectors.[84][85] In March, the Nationalist Party also stated its support for creating free permits, licences and government services for feast organisers.[86]

AD+PD

[edit]

In total, the AD+PD had presented ten candidates for the election, while their campaign was titled "A green broom cleans".[87][88] The party launched its campaign on 22 February, and it had campaigned on proposals regarding LGBT rights.[89][90] The party also noted its support for energy independence through renewable sources.[91][92]

People's Party

[edit]

The People's Party, a far-right party,[93][94] was described by Church Militant, a Catholic conservative organisation, as "the only authentically conservative party" during the campaign period.[95] The People's Party stated its support for increasing the minimum wage and the abolishment of green passes.[90][96]

Volt Malta

[edit]

Volt Malta also presented itself for the first time ever, with two candidates covering four districts.[97][98] In early March, the party stated its support for the legalisation of abortion.[99] Kass Mallia was Malta's first transgender politician to run for election.[100] Volt Malta presented a proposal for AirMalta to become a public limited company through an initial public offering and look for North American travel markets, as well as a Diaspora Pass to entice the Maltese diaspora to visit Malta.[101]

ABBA

[edit]

Ivan Grech Mintoff, who previously served as the chairman of Alliance of Change, formed the religious-right ABBA in 2021.[102][103] In early March, the party presented several candidates that were members of the River of Love religious group.[104] Some candidates were reported to be orientated towards the far-right.[103][105] ABBA supported investigating into pro-choice activists who allegedly broke abortion laws.[106]

Independents

[edit]

Arnold Cassola ran as an independent candidate, advocating a "cleaner environment, cleaner politics, and a more conscientious society".[107] Perennial candidate Nazzareno Bonnici threw his hat into the ring by mentioning that he will be running for elections on the "Eagle Party" ticket.[108] During the International Women's Day, Bonnici proposed a €4,000 grant for women to get breast implants.[109]

Opinion polls

[edit]
Main article: Opinion polling for the 2022 Maltese general election

Expressing a preference

[edit]

Results

[edit]
Main articles: Maltese Government 2022–2027 and List of members of the parliament of Malta, 2022–2027

Voting stations were opened from 07:00 to 22:00, and in total, there were 355,075 citizens that had the right to vote in the general election.[110][111] The turnout at 14:00 was reported at 44.8%, which was eight points lower than in 2017.[112] According to the Electoral Commission of Malta, a total of 304,050 citizens voted, which made it the lowest turnout since the 1955 election.[113][114] In addition to the 65 regularly elected members, two seats were awarded to the Nationalist Party to restore proportionality between votes obtained and parliamentary representation and twelve more women were appointed (six for each of the parties with elected members) to comply with the gender-corrective mechanism.[115]

Parliament of Malta
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Labour Party162,70755.1144+7
Nationalist Party123,23341.7435+7
AD+PD4,7471.610–2
People's Party1,5330.520New
ABBA1,3640.460New
Volt Malta3820.130New
Independents1,2820.4300
Total295,248100.0079+12
Valid votes295,24897.11
Invalid/blank votes8,8022.89
Total votes304,050100.00
Registered voters/turnout355,07585.63
Source: Electoral Commission[116]

Aftermath

[edit]

Labour Party officials claimed victory shortly after 09:00, with a margin of more than 30,000 votes.[117][118] Robert Abela was sworn in on 28 March,[119] and a new government was formed on 30 March 2022.[120] Bernard Grech, the leader of the Nationalist Party, conceded defeat, and stated that he would contest the Nationalist Party leadership election.[121][122] He denounced the incumbent government's tax relief cheques, sent the week before the election, as ploys to influence the election.[122] Grech submitted his nomination on 13 May, with no other member of the party challenging Grech for the role. The leadership election was on 27 and 28 May.[123] Grech won 81% of the vote in the leadership election.[124]

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) noted that the election was organised "efficiently", although it noted that "its transparency was diminished by limited access to Electoral Commission activities, the lack of regulations allowing for election observation and limited oversight of and access to information on party and campaign financing".[125]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Hagenbach-Bischoff quota is 1/6 of the votes cast in the district, i.e. about 16.7% of votes

References

[edit]
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