Anguina tritici

Wheat seed and leaf gall nematode
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Secernentea
Order:	Tylenchida
Family:	Anguinidae
Genus:	Anguina
Species:	A. tritici
Binomial name
	Anguina tritici; (Steinbuch, 1799) Chitwood, 1935
Synonyms
	Anguillula scandens Schneider, 1866; Anguillula tritici (Steinbuch, 1799) Grube, 1849; Anguillulina scandens (Schneider, 1866) Goodey, 1932; Anguillulina tritici (Steinbuch, 1799) Gervais & van Beneden; Anguina tritici (Steinbuch, 1799) Gervais & van Beneden, 1859; Rhabditis tritici (Steinbuch, 1799) Dujardin, 1845; Tylenchus scandens (Schneider, 1866) Cobb, 1890; Tylenchus tritici (Steinbuch, 1799) Bastian, 1865; Vibrio tritici Steinbuch, 1799;

Anguina tritici (ear-cockle nematode, seed-gall nematode, seed and leaf gall nematode, wheat gall nematode, wheat seed gall nematode, wheat seed-gall nematode, wheat seed and leaf gall nematode) is a plant pathogenic nematode.^[2]^[3]^[4]

History and significance

Anguina tritici was the first plant parasitic nematode to be described in the literature in 1743. It causes a disease in wheat and rye called "ear-cockle" or seed gall. Originally found in many parts of the world but has been eradicated from the western hemisphere. Currently in north Africa and west Asia only.^[5] Yield losses up to 70% have been reported, ranging from 30-70%.^[6] Threshold of 10,000 juveniles/kg soil develop disease.^{[citation needed]}

Morphology

It is a large nematode, ranging from 3–5 millimetres (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) in length. Anguina tritici has a three part esophagus and the esophageal glands do not overlap with intestine. The female body tends to be thickened and curved ventrally. It has a short stylet (8-11 μm). Females have one ovary and the vulva located posterior. Males possess small spicules and small bursae or alae.

Life cycle/reproduction

Juveniles find a host and move up the plant in a film of water. They invade meristems and penetrate inflorescences. Once in the developing seed they molt, become adults, mate, and reproduce. Eggs laid by the female develop and hatch as J2 within the seed gall where they desiccate and become dormant. Dormant J2 overwinter in the seed galls until spring. They are released when galls come in contact with moist soil and hydrate. Total life cycle is completed in 113 days.

Host parasite relationship

It is an ectoparasite that becomes endoparasitic invading inflorescence and developing seeds. It causes a disease called "ear-cockle", "gout" or seed gall on wheat and rye, and also infects barley and oat.^[7]^: 784 It does not infest maize or sorghum. On wheat it causes stunted plants and distorted leaves. Seeds are transformed into galls which contain a dried mass of nematodes. If compared to normal wheat seeds, galls are smaller in size, lighter, and their color ranges from light brown to black (normal wheat seeds are tan in color).^[8]

Management

The disease has been eradicated by seed sanitation methods. Seed certification programs get rid of galls (lighter and less dense than seed) by flotation, hot water treatments, winnowing or gravity table seed processing.

References

^ "Anguina tritici (wheat seed gall nematode)". CABI Invasive Species Compendium (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
^ "Anguina tritici". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
^ Anguina tritici at Department of Nematology, University of California Davis
^ Anguina tritici Archived July 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine at Nemaplex, University of California
^ Bridge J. and Starr J.L. 2007. Plant nematodes of agricultural importance – A color handbook. Academic Press (AP), an imprint of Elsevier
^ Luc, M. Sikora R.A., Bridge, J. 1990. Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture. CABI Publisihing, Wallingford, UK.
^ Kumar, Ravindra; Gupta, Anuja (2020). Kumar, Ravindra; Gupta, Anuja (eds.). Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management. Singapore: Springer Singapore. p. XIII-871. doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9046-4. ISBN 978-981-32-9045-7. S2CID 218682899.
^ Esser, R.P., O’Bannon, J.H., and Clark R.A. 1991. Procedures to detect wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici) should an infestation appear in Florida. Nematology Circular No. 186. Fla dept. Agric. and Consumer Serv.

[CABI-ISC-1] "Anguina tritici (wheat seed gall nematode)". CABI Invasive Species Compendium (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2020-11-10.

[2] "Anguina tritici". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved July 22, 2007.

[3] Anguina tritici at Department of Nematology, University of California Davis

[4] Anguina tritici Archived July 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine at Nemaplex, University of California

[5] Bridge J. and Starr J.L. 2007. Plant nematodes of agricultural importance – A color handbook. Academic Press (AP), an imprint of Elsevier

[6] Luc, M. Sikora R.A., Bridge, J. 1990. Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture. CABI Publisihing, Wallingford, UK.

[Detection-Diagnosis-Management-7] Kumar, Ravindra; Gupta, Anuja (2020). Kumar, Ravindra; Gupta, Anuja (eds.). Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management. Singapore: Springer Singapore. p. XIII-871. doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9046-4. ISBN 978-981-32-9045-7. S2CID 218682899.

[8] Esser, R.P., O’Bannon, J.H., and Clark R.A. 1991. Procedures to detect wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici) should an infestation appear in Florida. Nematology Circular No. 186. Fla dept. Agric. and Consumer Serv.

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