Arabic-based pidgins and creoles
There have been a number of Arabic-based pidgins and creoles throughout history, including a number of new ones emerging today. These may be broadly divided into the Sudanic pidgins and creoles, which share a common ancestry, and incipient immigrant pidgins. Additionally, Maridi Arabic may have been an 11th-century pidgin.
The Sudanic pidgins and creoles are:
- Bimbashi Arabic, a colonial-era pidgin of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the ancestor of the other Sudanic pidgins and creoles
- Turku Arabic, a pidgin of colonial Chad.
- Juba Arabic, spoken in South Sudan
- Nubi language, spoken in Uganda and Kenya
- Bongor Arabic, which could be a descendant of Turku Arabic, spoken in and around the town of Bongor, Chad.[1]
- There may be other Turku-like Arabic pidgins in Chad today, but they have not been described.[1]
In the modern era, pidgin Arabic is most notably used by the large number of migrants to Arab countries. Examples include:
- Gulf Pidgin Arabic, used by mostly immigrant laborers in the Arabian Peninsula (and not necessarily a single language variety)[2][3]
- Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic, used by Bengali immigrants in Jordan[4]
- Pidgin Madam, used by Sinhalese domestic workers in Lebanon[5][6]
- Romanian Pidgin Arabic, spoken by Romanian oil-field workers in Iraq from the 1970s to the 1990s.[7][8]
Due to the nature of pidgins, this list is likely incomplete. New pidgins may continue to develop and emerge due to language contact in the Arab world.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Tosco & Manfredi (2013).
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pidgin Gulf Arabic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Bakir, Murtadha (2010). "Notes on the verbal system of Gulf Pidgin Arabic": 201–228. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pidgin Madam". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Fida Bizri, 2005. Le Pidgin Madam: Un nouveau pidgin arabe, La Linguistique 41, p. 54–66
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Romanian Pidgin Arabic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Avram, Andrei (2010-01-01). "An Outline of Romanian Pidgin Arabic". Journal of Language Contact. 3 (1): 20–38. doi:10.1163/000000010792317884. ISSN 1877-4091.
Sources
[edit]- Tosco, Mauro; Manfredi, Stefani (2013). "Pidgins and Creoles". In Owens, Jonathan (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199764136.
- Manfredi, Stefano and Mauro Tosco (eds.) 2014. Arabic-based Pidgins and Creoles. Special Issue of the Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 29:2
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