Beard and haircut laws by country
Secular (as opposed to religious) laws regulating hairstyles exist in various countries and institutions.
Present laws
[edit]India
[edit]
In the Armed, Paramilitary and Law enforcement forces of India, male Sikh servicemen are allowed to grow full beards as their religion expressly requires followers to do so. However, they are specifically required to "dress up their hair and beard properly".[1] In December 2003, the Supreme Court of India ruled that Muslims in uniform can grow beards.[2][3]
Non-Muslims and non-Sikhs serving in the Indian Army or the Indian Air Force are not permitted to grow beards. However, Army personnel on active duty are sometimes exempt from facial hair regulations for the duration of their tour of duty if their deployment makes it difficult to shave. Indian Navy personnel are allowed to grow beards with the permission of their commanding officer.[4] Exceptions for other religions are made in the case of special forces operatives like the Indian Air Force pilots, the Indian army's Para (Special Forces) soldiers and the navy's MARCOS commandos, who are allowed to grow beards.[5] Non-Sikh personnel are allowed to grow whiskers and moustaches, with the only regulation being that they "will be of moderate length".[1]
Iran
[edit]In a stated attempt to preserve the culture of the country and combat cultural imperialism, the Ministry of Culture in 2010 published a journal of Iranian male hairstyles approved by the ministry.[6] It further banned barbers from cutting some hair styles for men, including ponytails, mullets and spikes.[7][8] In 2007, the authorities closed more than 20 barbers' shops that did not comply with the rules.[9]
North Korea
[edit]Radio Free Asia reported in 2014 that the North Korean government had a recommended list of 18 hair styles for women and 10 hair styles for men, and that some colleges had recommended male students model their hair after Kim Jong-un.[10] However, Dr. Katharine H. S. Moon, Wasserman Chair of Asian Studies at Wellesley College, refutes these claims, stating that, "There's no evidence that their hairstyles must follow totalitarian regulation," and that she had personally witnessed a wide variety of hair styles, including hair dye, while visiting Pyongyang in 2013.[11]
Tajikistan
[edit]Beards are discouraged by the government for most men in Tajikistan in a stated effort to battle radicalism. Only clean-shaven men can apply for a passport. Beards are often forcibly shaved off by police officers.[12][13][14]
Thailand
[edit]Male Thai police and military personnel, as of 2017[update], are required to keep a hairstyle known as the "904 cut". The style means shaving the sides and back of the head, leaving just a suggestion of hair on top. The corresponding hairstyle for female police officers and female soldiers, in case of long hair (shoulder level), must keep their hair in a bun with the proper color of ribbon and net (black, dark brown or navy blue).[15]
School dress codes in Thailand have long mandated earlobe-length bobs for girls and army-style crew cuts for boys. It is not uncommon for teachers to cut the hair of students deemed to be in violation of the frequently arbitrary[clarification needed] code.[16]
Past laws
[edit]Albania
[edit]During his regime, Enver Hoxha banned all hair longer than 4 cm (1.6 in) for men, as well as all beards. No man could enter the country whilst wearing one of the banned hair styles.[17]
British North America
[edit]Long hair for men was illegal in the Massachusetts Bay Colony starting in 1634.[18]
China
[edit]The Han Chinese first Ming dynasty emperor Zhu Yuanzhang passed a law on mandatory hairstyle on 24 September 1392, mandating that all males grow their hair long and making it illegal for them to shave part of their foreheads while leaving strands of hair which was the Mongol hairstyle. The penalty for both the barber and the person who was shaved and his sons was castration if they cut their hair and their families were to be sent to the borders for exile. This helped eradicate the partially shaved Mongol hairstyles and enforced long Han hairstyle.[19]
In Qing dynasty China, all male subjects of all ethnicities were required to keep their hair in a long braid and to shave the front of their scalp. Those who resisted were subject to execution for treason.
All Chinese men stopped sporting the Queue braid tonsure hairstyle, in favor of short western hairstyles, following the collapse the Qing Dynasty in the 1910s which was succeeded by the Republic of China.
Czechoslovakia
[edit]Following the Prague Spring of 1968, Western 1960s counterculture inspired the Mánička subculture amongst Czechoslovak youth. The long hairstyles associated with this was discouraged and suppressed by the authorities, who saw it as a subversive Western cultural influence.
Japan
[edit]
In the Edo period (1603–1867) of Japan, the Tokugawa Shogunate passed orders for Japanese men to shave the pate on the front of their head (the chonmage hairstyle) and shave their beards, facial hair and side whiskers.[20] This was similar to the Qing dynasty queue order imposed by Dorgon making men shave the pates on the front of their heads.[21] During the fourth year of the Meiji period in 1871, Emperor Meiji issued the Dampatsurei Edict which abolished the chonmage hairstyle. As a result of the decree which was issued as part of the Meiji Restoration, all Japanese men were forced to chop off their topknots and switch to short Western hairstyles in addition to switching to Western clothing. The chonmage was abandoned along with the samurai class in the 1870s, as a result of the Meiji Restoration and modernization of Japan. However, this decree/edict abolishing the chonmage hairstyle did not apply to sumo wrestlers as they are permitted to continue sporting chonmage into the modern era.[22][23]
Russia
[edit]As part of his drive to modernise and Westernise Tsarist Russia, Peter the Great imposed a beard tax in 1698 to encourage Russian men to shave off their beards. Men who kept their beards but refused to pay the tax were forcibly shaven.
Singapore
[edit]There was a national ban of long hair for men in Singapore; the reason was the growth of hippie subculture worldwide. The law has since changed and nowadays, men can display any kind of hairstyle.
South Korea
[edit]In 1973, South Korea under Park Chung-hee introduced the Minor Offenses Act which limited the length of hair for males and mandated a minimum length of skirts for females. There are no specific definitions of acceptable hair length, and violators were often taken to police stations and had their hair cut against their will.[24]
Vietnam
[edit]The Han Chinese referred to the various non-Han "barbarian" peoples of north Vietnam and southern China as "Yue" (Viet) or Baiyue, saying they possessed common habits like adapting[clarification needed] to water, having their hair cropped short and tattooed. The Han also said their language was "animal shrieking" and that they lacked morals, modesty, civilization and culture.[25]
When Han Chinese ruled the Vietnamese in the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam due to the Ming dynasty's conquest during the Ming–Hồ War they imposed the Han Chinese style of men wearing long hair on short-haired Vietnamese men. Vietnamese were ordered to stop cutting and instead grow their hair long and switch to Han Chinese clothing in only a month by a Ming official. Ming administrators said their mission was to civilize the unorthodox Vietnamese barbarians.[26] A royal edict was issued by Vietnam in 1474 forbidding Vietnamese from adopting foreign languages, hairstyles and clothes like that of the Lao, Champa or the Ming "Northerners". The edict was recorded in the 1479 Complete Chronicle of Dai Viet of Ngô Sĩ Liên in the Later Lê dynasty.[27]
See also
[edit]Hair related
[edit]- Beard oil
- Discrimination based on hair texture
- Facial hair in the military
- List of facial hairstyles
- List of hairstyles
- Moustache styles
- Pigtail Ordinance
General
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "272". Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
- ^ "Muslims in uniform can keep beard". Times of India.
- ^ "Muslims in Indian Army Can Wear Beards, Court Rules". arabnews.com. 14 December 2003.
- ^ "Indian Navy -- Beards & Moustaches". Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Iran Launches Holy War on Haircuts". ABC News. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ Singh, Anita (5 July 2010). "Iran government issues style guide for men's hair" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
- ^ Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (5 May 2015). "Iran bans 'homosexual' and 'devil worshipping' hairstyles". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ "Iran shuts 'Western' barber shops". 23 August 2007. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ "North Korean College Students Ordered to Adopt Leader Kim's Haircut". Radio Free Asia. 26 March 2014 – via rfa.org.
- ^ Uffalussy, Jennifer (20 April 2017). "Does North Korea Really Have State-Approved Hairstyles?". Yahoo Life – via www.yahoo.com.
- ^ "Tajikistan shaves 13,000 beards in 'radicalism' battle". Al Jazeera. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Kholiqzod, Mirzonabi; Olimov, Amriddin; Baumgartner, Pete (12 January 2019). "No Country For Bearded Young Men: Only 'Well-Groomed' Tajiks Getting Passports". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ "The men evading Tajikistan's de-facto beard ban". The Guardian. 7 September 2015. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Charuvastra, Teeranai (20 November 2017). "NEW BUZZ CUTS IMPOSED ON ALL THAI POLICE, SOLDIERS". Khaosod English. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ^ Sasipornkarn, Emmy (23 July 2020). "Thailand's school haircut controversy reflects authoritarian attitudes". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ^ Sulejmani, Mirjan (3 November 2016). "Beard and haircut restriction during the Enver Hoxha regime in Albania (1945-1990)". Heritage Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
- ^ Berry, Melissa (24 June 2020). "Our Puritan Ancestors' Fashion War against Long Hair". GenealogyBank. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Chan, Hok-lam (2009). "Ming Taizu's 'Placards' on Harsh Regulations and Punishments Revealed in Gu Qiyuan's 'Kezuo Zhuiyu.'". Asia Major. 22 (1): 28. JSTOR 41649963. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ Toby, Ron P. (2019). Engaging the Other: 'Japan' and Its Alter-Egos, 1550-1850. Brill's Japanese Studies Library. BRILL. p. 217. ISBN 978-9004393516.
- ^ Toby, Ron P. (2019). Engaging the Other: 'Japan' and Its Alter-Egos, 1550-1850. Brill's Japanese Studies Library. BRILL. p. 214. ISBN 978-9004393516.
- ^ "Chonmage, Samurai Topknot Hair Style". Samurai World. 20 November 2017. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020.
- ^ Negishi, Shigeo (5 October 2015). "Why did samurai warriors adopt such a unique hairstyle?". Kokugakuin University. The Japan News. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Kang, Hyun-kyung (22 February 2019). "'Ridiculous' 1970s". The Korea Times. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Meacham, William (1996). "Defining the hundred Yue". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 15: 94. doi:10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11537 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 1835-1794.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ Nguyễn, Ngọc Huy (1997). "The tradition of human rights in Vietnam". The Vietnam Review. 3: 35.
- ^ Dutton, George; Werner, Jayne; Whitmore, John K., eds. (2012). Sources of Vietnamese Tradition. Introduction to Asian Civilizations (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0231511100.