Belchior Calaça
Belchior Calaça | |
|---|---|
| Nationality | Portuguese |
| Occupation(s) | Sea captain, military architect |
| Known for | Fort Al Jalali, Fort Al-Mirani |
Belchior Calaça (or Belchior Álvares) was a Portuguese naval captain who was active in the Indian Ocean in the second half of the 16th century.
Captain Belchior Calaça[a] was tasked with fortifying Muscat, Oman. He left Goa, Portuguese India, on 9 January 1587 as captain of one of the ships in an expedition led by Martim Affonso de Mello. The main purpose was punitive, in response to aggression by the Turks on the East coast of Africa. The fleet visited Ampaza, which they destroyed, Pate, where the ruler submitted, then Lamu, where the ruler had fled.[3] They went on to Malindi and then Mombasa, which they looted and burned. From there they sailed for the Strait of Hormuz, stopping at Muscat where Calaça remained while the fleet went on to Hormuz.[4]
On arrival at Muscat Calaça built the fortress now called Fort Al Jalali, then named Forte de São João.[2] The top of the prominence on which the fort stands was first leveled, and the rock was scarped.[1] Calaça built a cistern to hold water for the occupants and armed the fort with cannon.[2] Calaça also built the fort now called Fort Al-Mirani, but then called Capitão (Captain), presumably named after Calaça.[5] An engraved stone in Fort Mirani reads (in Portuguese),
Under the reign of the very high and mighty Felippe, first of this name our Lord and King, in the eighth year of his reign in the Crown of Portugal, he sent by Dom Duarte de Meneses, his Viceroy and Governor of India, that this Fortress be made, which was done by Belchior Calaça, its first captain and founder, 1588.[6]
In May 1588 a party of Jesuit missionaries led by Pedro Páez arrived at Muscat, where Calaça was in command, en route to Ethiopia. He advised them to travel via the Strait of Mecca. They were not able to take this advice, and ran into many difficulties before reaching their destination.[7] Belchior Calaça was responsible for military architecture in Ormuz until 1589, when he was replaced by Francisco Velho.[8] Around 1598 Calaça was involved in an unsuccessful attack on Cuneale in the peninsula of Pudepatam, 77 leagues from Goa and 35 from Cochin, on the Malabar Coast of India. He gave the signal for attack too soon. Only part of the force engaged the enemy, many were killed and the remainder were forced to retreat.[9]
References[edit]
Notes
- ^ Samuel Barrett Miles gives the name of the captain who built the fort as "Melchior Calaça".[1] Other sources give it as "Belchior Calaça".[2]
Citations
- ^ a b Miles 1919, p. 182.
- ^ a b c Peterson 2007, p. 6.
- ^ Teixeira & Stevens 1802, p. v.
- ^ Teixeira & Stevens 1802, p. vi.
- ^ Peterson 2007, p. 50.
- ^ Cordeir 1898, p. 187.
- ^ Paez 2011, p. 108.
- ^ Campos 2008, p. 317.
- ^ Kerr 1811.
Sources
- Campos, João (2008). "ARQUITECTURA MILITAR PORTUGUESA NA PÉRSIA - ORMUZ, KESHM E LARAK" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-11-25.
- Cordeir, Luciano (February 1898). "Maskat". The Geographical Journal. 11 (2). The Royal Geographical Society: 187–190. doi:10.2307/1774444. JSTOR 1774444.
- Kerr, Robert (1811). "4.11 Continuation of the Portuguese Transactions in India, from 1597 to 1612". General Voyages and Travels chiefly of Discovery; from the era of Don Henry Prince of Portugal, in 1412, to that of George III in 1760. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
- Miles, Samuel Barrett (1919). The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf. Harrison and sons. Vol.I (pp 1-264) Early times to end of Yaareba Dynasty Vol.II (pp 265-580) Al-Bu Sauudi Dynasty to 1880
- Paez, Pedro (2011). Pedro Páez's History of Ethiopia, 1622. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-908145-01-7. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
- Peterson, John (2007). Historical Muscat: An Illustrated Guide and Gazetteer. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15266-3. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
- Teixeira, Pedro; Stevens, John (1802). The Travels of Pedro Teixeira: With His "Kings of Harmuz" and Extracts from His "Kings of Persia". Hakluyt Society. Retrieved 2013-11-25.