Bread and circuses
"Bread and circuses" (or "bread and games"; from Latin: panem et circenses) is a metonymic phrase referring to superficial appeasement. It is attributed to Juvenal (Satires, Satire X), a Roman poet active in the late first and early second century AD, and is used commonly in cultural, particularly political, contexts.
In a political context, the phrase means to generate public approval, not by excellence in public service or public policy, but by diversion, distraction, or by satisfying the most immediate or base requirements of a populace,[1] by offering a palliative: for example food (bread) or entertainment (circuses). Juvenal originally used it to decry the "selfishness" of common people and their neglect of wider concerns.[2][3][4] The phrase implies a population's erosion or ignorance of civic duty as a priority.[citation needed]
Ancient Rome
[edit]This phrase originates from Rome in Satire X of the Roman satirical poet Juvenal (c. 100 AD), who saw "bread and circuses" (panem et circenses) as emblematic of the loss of republican political liberty:[5][6]
[...] iam pridem, ex quo suffragia nulli / vendimus, effudit curas; nam qui dabat olim / imperium, fasces, legiones, omnia, nunc se / continet atque duas tantum res anxius optat, / panem et circenses. [...] |
... Already long ago, from when we sold our vote to no man, the People have abdicated our duties; for the People who once upon a time handed out military command, high civil office, legions — everything, now restrains itself and anxiously hopes for just two things: bread and circuses.[7] |
| —Juvenal, Satire 10.77–81 |
Juvenal refers to the Roman practice of providing free wheat to Roman citizens (the Annona) as well as costly circus games and other forms of entertainment as a means of gaining political power. In much modern literature, this represents the Annona as a "briberous and corrupting attempt of the Roman emperors to cover up the fact that they were selfish and incompetent tyrants".[8] Yet Augustus disapproved even the idea of a grain dole on moral grounds, even though he and every emperor after him took the responsibility and credit for ensuring the supply to citizens who qualified for it.[9][10]
See also
[edit]- Amusing Ourselves to Death – 1985 book by Neil Postman
- Battle Royale – 1999 novel by Koushun Takami
- Battle Royale (film) – 2000 Japanese film by Kinji Fukasaku
- Brave New World – 1932 dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley
- "Bread and Circuses" (Star Trek: The Original Series), a 1968 episode of Star Trek
- Bread and roses – Slogan
- Colosseum – Ancient Roman amphitheatre; a landmark of Rome, Italy
- Cura Annonae – Import and distribution of grain in Rome and Constantinople
- Fahrenheit 451 – 1953 dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury
- Idiocracy – 2006 film by Mike Judge
- Idiot/idiocy (Athenian democracy) – Person of low intelligence
- Instrumentum regni – Exploitation of religion by State or ecclesiastical polity as a means of controlling the masses
- List of Latin phrases
- Panem, the setting of the young adult book series The Hunger Games and its film adaptations
- Prolefeed, fictional language in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four
- Plebs – General body of free Roman citizens
- Theatre state - ritual entertainment as the pre-eminent element in a political system
- Yumin zhengce – Chinese political science concept
Notes
[edit]- ^ "Definition of BREAD AND CIRCUSES". www.merriam-webster.com. October 2023.
- ^ Juvenal's literary and cultural influence (Book IV: Satire 10.81)
- ^ "American Heritage Dictionary: to placate or distract". Yahoo. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05.
- ^ Infoplease Dictionary as pacification or diversion.
- ^ Keane, Catherine (2006). Figuring Genre in Roman Satire. Oxford University Press. p. 36. doi:10.1093/oso/9780195183306.001.0001.
- ^ Köhne, Eckhart (2000). "Bread and Circuses: The Politics of Entertainment". Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome. University of California Press. p. 8. hdl:2027/mdp.39015049512638.
- ^ By J. P. Toner full quote at p.69.
- ^ Erdkamp, Paul (2000). "Feeding Rome? Or Feeding Mars? A Long-Term Approach To C. Gracchus' 'Lex Frumentaria'". Ancient Society. 30: 53–70. JSTOR 44079806.
- ^ Spaeth, Barbette Stanley (1996). The Roman goddess Ceres. University of Texas Press. pp. 47–48, 88, 98. ISBN 0-292-77693-4.
- ^ Hayne, Léonie (1991). "The First Cerialia". L'Antiquité Cģlassique. 60: 131–140. JSTOR 41655332.
Sources
[edit]- Potter, D. and D. Mattingly, Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. Ann Arbor (1999).
- Rickman, G., The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome, Oxford (1980).
Further reading
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