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Buddhism and sexuality

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18th century depiction of the Yab-Yum, a Tibetan Buddhist motif of the creation of the universe as a sexual union between male and female primordial forces
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Buddhism categorizes sexuality, in particular sexual arousal and pleasure, as a type of kama, or earthly pleasure, that must be abandoned to achieve enlightenment. Many Buddhists avoid drawing a distinction between monastic sexual abstinence and other forms of religious self-discipline, while some traditions actively incorporate sexual concepts or acts in a yogic or ritualistic context.

Scripture

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In the Buddha's first discourse, he identifies craving (tanha) as the cause of suffering (dukkha). He then identifies three objects of craving: the craving for existence; the craving for non-existence and the craving for sense pleasures (kama). Kama is identified as one of five hindrances to the attainment of jhana according to the Buddha's teaching. Throughout the Sutta Pitaka the Buddha often compares sexual pleasure to arrows or darts. So in the Kama Sutta (4.1) from the Sutta Nipata the Buddha explains that craving sexual pleasure is a cause of suffering.

If one, longing for sensual pleasure, achieves it, yes, he's enraptured at heart. The mortal gets what he wants. But if for that person — longing, desiring — the pleasures diminish, he's shattered, as if shot with an arrow.[1]

The Buddha then goes on to say:

So one, always mindful, should avoid sensual desires. Letting them go, he will cross over the flood like one who, having bailed out the boat, has reached the far shore.

The 'flood' refers to the deluge of human suffering. The 'far shore' is nirvana, a state in which there is no sensual desire.

The meaning of the Kama Sutta is that sensual desire, like any habitual sense pleasure, brings suffering. To lay people the Buddha advised that they should at least avoid sexual misconduct (See Theravada definition below). From the Buddha's full-time disciples, the ordained monks and nuns, strict celibacy (called brahmacarya) had always been required.

Contemporary overview

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Buddhist illustration of intercourse and conception as the beginning stage of the soul's journey to rebirth

Former Vice President of the Buddhist Society and Chairman of the English Sangha Trust, Maurice Walshe, wrote an essay called 'Buddhism and Sex' in which he presented Buddha's essential teaching on human sexuality and its relationship to the goal (nibbana). The third of the five precepts states:

Kamesu micchacara veramani sikkhapadam samadiyami,

The literal meaning of this statement is, "I undertake the course of training in refraining from wrong-doing in respect of sensuality." Walshe comments,

There is, in the Buddhist view, nothing uniquely wicked about sexual offenses or failings. Those inclined to develop a guilt-complex about their sex-life should realize that failure in this respect is neither more, nor, on the other hand, less serious than failure to live up to any other precept. In point of fact, the most difficult precept of all for nearly everybody to live up to is the fourth — to refrain from all forms of wrong speech (which often includes uncharitable comments on other people's real or alleged sexual failings!)...What precisely, then, does the Third Precept imply for the ordinary lay Buddhist? Firstly, in common with all the other precepts, it is a rule of training. It is not a "commandment" from God, the Buddha, or anyone else saying: "Thou shalt not..." There are no such commandments in Buddhism. It is an undertaking by you to yourself, to do your best to observe a certain type of restraint, because you understand that it is a good thing to do. This must be clearly understood. If you don't think it is a good thing to do, you should not undertake it. If you do think it is a good thing to do, but doubt your ability to keep it, you should do your best, and probably, you can get some help and instruction to make it easier. If you feel it is a good thing to attempt to tread the Buddhist path, you may undertake this and the other precepts, with sincerity, in this spirit.[2]

The Buddha's teaching arises out of a wish for others to be free from dukkha. According to the doctrine he taught, freedom from suffering involves freedom from sexual desires and the training (Pali: sikkha) to get rid of the craving involves to a great extent abstaining from those desires.

Monastic Buddhism

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Apart from certain schools in Japan and Tibet, most who choose to practice Buddhism as ordained monks and nuns, also choose to live in celibacy.[3]

Mainstream views

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Sex is seen as a serious monastic transgression. Within Theravada Buddhism there are four principal transgressions which entail expulsion from the monastic Sangha: sex, theft, murder, and falsely boasting of superhuman perfections.[4] Sexual misconduct for monks and nuns includes masturbation.[5] In the case of monasticism, abstaining completely from sex is seen as a necessity in order to reach enlightenment. The Buddha's criticism of a monk who broke his celibate vows—without having disrobed first—is as follows:

Worthless man, [sexual intercourse] is unseemly, out of line, unsuitable, and unworthy of a contemplative; improper and not to be done... Haven't I taught the Dhamma in many ways for the sake of dispassion and not for passion; for unfettering and not for fettering; for freedom from clinging and not for clinging? Yet here, while I have taught the Dhamma for dispassion, you set your heart on passion; while I have taught the Dhamma for unfettering, you set your heart on being fettered; while I have taught the Dhamma for freedom from clinging, you set your heart on clinging.

Worthless man, haven't I taught the Dhamma in many ways for the fading of passion, the sobering of intoxication, the subduing of thirst, the destruction of attachment, the severing of the round, the ending of craving, dispassion, cessation, unbinding? Haven't I in many ways advocated abandoning sensual pleasures, comprehending sensual perceptions, subduing sensual thirst, destroying sensual thoughts, calming sensual fevers? Worthless man, it would be better that your penis be stuck into the mouth of a poisonous snake than into a woman's vagina. It would be better that your penis be stuck into the mouth of a black viper than into a woman's vagina. It would be better that your penis be stuck into a pit of burning embers, blazing and glowing, than into a woman's vagina. Why is that? For that reason you would undergo death or death-like suffering, but you would not on that account, at the break-up of the body, after death, fall into deprivation, the bad destination, the abyss, hell...

Worthless man, this neither inspires faith in the faithless nor increases the faithful. Rather, it inspires lack of faith in the faithless and wavering in some of the faithful.[6]

Japanese Buddhism

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See also: Buddhism in Japan
A shunga reimagining of the Death of Buddha in exaggerated sexual terms; Whether such a depiction was intended to express derision or reverence is unknown.

Conversely to most tenets of Buddhism, Japanese Buddhist monks were strongly associated to the partaking of pleasure and sexual relationships. Many of them were known to maintain relationships with prostitutes and geishas, often maintaining long term liaisons with them.[7] While those aspects were a popular target of criticism and satire as charge of moral corruption, both "by Japanese who often were ideologically hostile to Buddhism themselves or by Western observers inclined to view Buddhism as an obstacle to Christian missionary success in Japan", as well as other orthodox Buddhists, some adherents to this lifestyle sometimes claimed it to be actually part of their religious practice.[7] As such, there were currents of local esoteric Buddhism, possibly influenced by non-Buddhist folk tradition, that valued sexuality positively.[7]

The Japanese deva Kangiten, a Buddhicized form of the Hindu god Ganesha, was considered sexually symbolic, being represented as dual figures embracing.[7] It received a wide worship, especially among geishas and people in the business of pleasure, and its esoteric sexuality meant its image had to be usually covered from public eyes.[8] The 12th century saw the rise of the infamous Tachikawa-ryu sect, an extreme tantric sex school where human skulls and emission of sexual fluids were used in ritual, for which they were later persecuted and suppressed by mainstream Buddhists.[9] Finally, even in non-tantric Buddhism, influential 15th century monk Ikkyu preached for sex and love as valid ways to reach Enlightenment. He is variously considered a heretic or a saint within Zen.[10]

Lay Buddhism

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The most common formulation of Buddhist ethics are the Five Precepts and the Eightfold Path, which say that one should neither be attached to nor crave sensual pleasure. These precepts take the form of voluntary, personal undertakings, not divine mandate or instruction. The third of the Five Precepts is "To refrain from committing sexual misconduct.[11][12]

Celibacy or Brahmacariya rules pertain only to the Eight precepts or the 10 monastic precepts.

According to the Theravada traditions there are some statements attributed to Gautama Buddha on the nature of sexual misconduct. In Everyman's Ethics, a collection of four specific suttas compiled and translated by Narada Thera, it is said that adultery is one of four evils the wise will never praise.[13] Within the Anguttara Nikaya on his teachings to Cunda the Silversmith this scope of misconduct is described: "...one has intercourse with those under the protection of father, mother, brother, sister, relatives or clan, or of their religious community; or with those promised to someone else, protected by law, and even with those betrothed with a garland" (etc.- child/underage) [14]

Bhikkhu Nyanamoli has provided an English Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya 41, "He is given over to misconduct in sexual desires: he has intercourse with such (women) as are protected by the mother, father, (mother and father), brother, sister, relatives, as have a husband, as entail a penalty, and also with those that are garlanded in token of betrothal."[15]

Sexual yoga

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See also: Tantric sex
Erotic themes in the carvings of the Amruteshwar Temple

According to some Tibetan authorities, the physical practice of sexual yoga is necessary at the highest level for the attainment of Buddhahood.[16] The use of sexual yoga is highly regulated. It is only permitted after years of training.[17] The physical practice of sexual yoga is and has historically been extremely rare.[18] A great majority of Tibetans believe that the only proper practice of tantric sex is metaphorically, not physically, in rituals and during meditative visualizations.[18] The dominant Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism holds that sexual yoga as an actual physical practice is the only way to attain Buddhahood in one lifetime. The founder of the sect Tsongkhapa did not, according to tradition, engage in this practice, but instead attained complete enlightenment at the moment of death, that being according to this school the nearest possible without sexual yoga. The school also taught that they are only appropriate for the most elite practitioners, who had directly realized emptiness and who had unusually strong compassion. The next largest school in Tibet, the Nyingma, holds that this is not necessary to achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime.[19] The fourteenth Dalai Lama of the Gelug sect holds that the practice should only be done as a visualization.[18]

Homosexuality

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Main article: Buddhism and sexual orientation

Among Buddhists there is a wide diversity of opinion about homosexuality.[20] According to the Pāli Canon and Āgama (the Early Buddhist scriptures), there is not any saying that same-sex or opposite sex relations have anything to do with sexual misconduct.[21][22] Scholars argue that early Buddhism did not see sexual orientation as a moral issue and that tolerance aligns with core values of Buddhism as a whole.[23][22] As such, Buddhist attitudes towards homosexuality are often a reflection of local culture rather than Buddhist teachings.[24] The history of homosexuality in Buddhist societies includes cultures of acceptable and non-acceptance in different locations and times.[25][26][22]

The third of the five precepts admonishes against "sexual misconduct"; however, "sexual misconduct" is a broad term, subject to interpretation according to followers' social norms. Early Buddhism appears to have been silent regarding homosexual relations.[27]

Some Theravada monks express that same-sex relations do not violate the rule to avoid sexual misconduct, which means not having sex with someone underage (thus protected by their parents or guardians), someone betrothed or married and who have taken vows of religious celibacy.[28] Some later traditions feature restrictions on non-vaginal sex, though its situations seem involving coerced sex.[29]

The situation is different for monastics. For them, the Vinaya (code of monastic discipline) bans all sexual activity, but does so in purely physiological terms, making no moral distinctions among the many possible forms of intercourse.[30]

Contemporary conservative Buddhist leaders like Chan master Hsuan Hua have spoken against the act of homosexuality.[31] Some Tibet Buddhist leaders like the 14th Dalai Lama spoke about the restrictions of how to use your sex organ to insert other's body parts based on Je Tsongkhapa's work.[32][33] However, the Dalai Lama has repeatedly "voiced his support for the full recognition of human rights for all people, regardless of sexual orientation." In the most recent interview with the Dalai Lama on this topic (10 March 2014), the Dalai Lama said gay marriage is "OK", provided it's not in contradiction with the values of one's chosen religion.[34][35]

Prominent contemporary supporters of the rights of the rights of gay and lesbians include Nalandabodhi sangha who has stated that they are welcoming of all sexual orientations and well-known Bhutanese lama Khyentse Norbu has expressed support for LGBT rights in Bhutan.[36] Hsing Yun, founder of the Fo Guang Shan Buddhist order, has called for tolerance towards the LGBT community.[37][38] The Plum Village Tradition founded by founded by Thích Nhất Hạnh and Chân Không formally accepts LGBT individuals starting an initiative called "The Rainbow Family".[39][40][41][42]

Heavily Buddhist Taiwan legalized same-sex marriage in 2019 with the prominent support of Buddhist Nun Chao-hwei Shih.[43][44] Nepal, a country with relatively significant Buddhist influences, legalized Same-sex marriage on 24th April, 2024.[45] Heavily Buddhist Thailand legalized same-sex marriage in 2024.[46] Same-sex marriages are also performed in places where it is not yet recognized, for example, same-sex marriages are performed at Shunkō-in, a Rinzai Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto and Shozenji Temple in Moriguchi City, Osaka.[47][48][49][50][51] The Buddhist Church of San Francisco first performed a gay marriage ceremony in the 1970s while American Soka Gakkai Buddhists have performed same-sex union ceremonies since the 1990s.[52][53][54][55] There has also been support for sam-sex marriage from the European Buddhist Union[56] the Buddhist Churches of America,[57][58][59] many Shin Buddhist groups,[60] and The Federation of Australian Buddhist Councils (FABC) in Australia.[61]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Kama Sutta, Sutta Nipata 4.1
  2. ^ "Buddhism and Sex". Accesstoinsight.org. 2012-12-01. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  3. ^ Saddhatissa, Hammalawa (December 1987). Buddhist Ethics: The Path to Nirvana. Wisdom Pubns; New Ed edition. p. 88. ISBN 0-86171-053-3.
  4. ^ Lopez, Donald S. Critical Terms for the Study of Buddhism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2005
  5. ^ Olson, Carl. The Different Paths of Buddhism: A Narrative-Historical Introduction. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. 2005
  6. ^ "Introduction". The Buddhist Monastic Code I: The Patimokkha Training Rules Translated and Explained. Access to Insight. Archived from the original on 2012-08-28. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d LaFleur, William R. (2020). Liquid Life: Abortion and Buddhism in Japan. Princeton University Press. pp. 73–77. ISBN 9781400843671.
  8. ^ Louis, Frédéric (1996). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 470.
  9. ^ Stevens, John (1990). Lust for Enlightenment: Buddhism and Sex. Shamballa Publications. ISBN 9780834829343.
  10. ^ Qiu, Peipei (2005). Basho and the Dao: The Zhuangzi and the Transformation of Haikai. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824828455.
  11. ^ Higgins, Winton. "Buddhist Sexual Ethics". BuddhaNet Magazine. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  12. ^ Bhikkhu, Thanissaro (2005). "The Five Precepts: pañca-sila". Access to Insight. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  13. ^ Thera, Narada. "Everyman's Ethics Four Discourses of the Buddha" (PDF). Buddhist Publication Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
  14. ^ Thanissaro Bhikkhu. "Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta". Access to Insight. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
  15. ^ Saleyyaka Sutta: The Brahmans of Sala (MN 41)
  16. ^ Routledge Encyclopedia of Buddhism, page 781
  17. ^ Harvey, Peter (2000-06-22). An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues - Peter Harvey - Google Boeken. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521556408. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  18. ^ a b c Laird, Thomas (December 2007). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama - Thomas Laird - Google Boeken. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. ISBN 9781555846725. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  19. ^ Routledge Encyclopedia of Buddhism, page 781; the briefer statement in this article by Powers should be understood in the light of his fuller statement in his book Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism, Snow Lion, 1995, pages 252f
  20. ^ Stevens, John (1990). Lust for enlightenment : Buddhism and sex. Shambhala Publ. ISBN 087773416X. OCLC 716757478.
  21. ^ "Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta" [To Cunda the Silversmith]. Translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Access to Insight. 1997. AN 10.176. Retrieved 2011-03-14. Abandoning sensual misconduct, he abstains from sensual misconduct. He does not get sexually involved with those who are protected by their mothers, their fathers, their brothers, their sisters, their relatives, or their Dhamma; those with husbands, those who entail punishments, or even those crowned with flowers by another man{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  22. ^ a b c Font, Bernat (2016-01-01). "Buddhism and Homosexuality: an overview". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ Vermeulen, Michael (September 2017). "The rise of Rainbow Dharma: Buddhism on sexual diversity and same-sex marriage". United Nations OHCHR - UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief - Special Rapporteur’s Compilation of Articles on Freedom of Religion or Belief and Sexuality.
  24. ^ "LGBTQ Buddhists: Teachings, Profiles, and Conversations". Lion’s Roar. Retrieved 2024-12-25.
  25. ^ Michaelson, Dr Jay (2018-07-02). "We're Queer And We've Been Here - Tricycle: The Buddhist Review". Tricycle: The Buddhist Review - The independent voice of Buddhism in the West. Retrieved 2024-12-25.
  26. ^ Ito, Alina Joan (2024-04-15). "5 Facts About Japan's Gay History". Tokyo Weekender (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-12-25.
  27. ^ James William Coleman, The New Buddhism: The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition. Oxford University Press 2002, page 146.
  28. ^
    • Ajahn Punnadhammo. "Same Sex Marriage". The lay man is told to abstain from sex with "unsuitable partners" defined as girls under age, women betrothed or married and women who have taken vows of religious celibacy. This is clear, sound advice and seems to suggest that sexual misconduct is that which would disrupt existing family or love relationships. This is consonant with the general Buddhist principle that that which causes suffering for oneself or others is unethical behaviour. ("Unskillful behaviour" would be closer to the original.) There is no good reason to assume that homosexual relations which do not violate this principle should be treated differently.
    • Somdet Phra Buddhaghosacariya (1993). Uposatha Sila The Eight-Precept Observance.There are four factors of the third precept (kamesu micchacara)
    1. agamaniya vatthu — that which should not be visited (the 20 groups of women).
    2. asmim sevana-cittam — the intention to have intercourse with anyone included in the above-mentioned groups.
    3. sevanap-payogo — the effort at sexual intercourse.
    4. maggena maggappatipatti — sexual contact through that adhivasanam effort.
  29. ^ harvey, peter (2000). An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 421–. ISBN 9780511800801.
  30. ^ George E. Haggerty, Gay histories and cultures: an encyclopedia. Taylor and Francis 2000, pages 146–147.
  31. ^ Prebish, Charles: The Faces of Buddhism in America, page 255. University of California Press, 1998.
  32. ^ "Even with your wife, using one's mouth or the other hole is sexual misconduct. Using one's hand, that is sexual misconduct". (Dalai Lama, at a meeting with lesbian and gay Buddhists, June 11, 1997). Reported widely, including in: Dalai Lama Speaks on Gay Sex – He says it's wrong for Buddhists but not for society. By Don Lattin, Chronicle Religion Writer, Tuesday, June 11, 1997, San Francisco Chronicle. Text online
  33. ^ Dalai Lama urges "respect, compassion, and full human rights for all", including gays, by Dennis Conkin, Bay Area Reporter, June 19, 1997. Text online Archived 2006-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ "Dalai Lama says gay marriage is 'OK' and anti-LGBT bullying is 'wrong'". PinkNews. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  35. ^ The Dalai Lama Weighs in on Same Sex Marriage | Dalai Lama Interview | Larry King Now – Ora TV, 27 February 2014, retrieved 27 March 2021
  36. ^ "The Buddhist View on LGBTQ and Smoking". The Bhutanese. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  37. ^ "Tibetan Buddhist views on LGBTQ: is Buddhism accepting, neutral, supportive, or alienating to lesbians, gay men and trans-gendered persons? What about same-sex marriage? – Buddha Weekly: Buddhist Practices, Mindfulness, Meditation". 7 March 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  38. ^ Sujato, Bhante (12 March 2012). "Why Buddhists Should Support Marriage Equality".
  39. ^ Michaelson, Dr Jay (2018-07-02). "We're Queer And We've Been Here - Tricycle: The Buddhist Review". Tricycle: The Buddhist Review - The independent voice of Buddhism in the West. Retrieved 2024-12-22.
  40. ^ "Expanding the Spectrum of Love". Plum Village. 2023-06-27. Retrieved 2024-12-22.
  41. ^ "Thich Nhat Hanh on… / Homosexuality and discrimination". Plum Village. 2023-07-28. Retrieved 2024-12-22.
  42. ^ "Engaged Buddhism / The Rainbow Family: Engaging with Suffering in the Present Moment". Plum Village. 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2024-12-22.
  43. ^ Lewis, Craig (26 February 2021). "Taiwanese Buddhist Master Ven. Shih Chao-hwei Selected for 38th Niwano Peace Prize". Buddhistdoor Global.
  44. ^ "Buddhist Nun Leads Asia's Fight for Gay Marriage | Harvard Divinity Bulletin". bulletin.hds.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-12-23.
  45. ^ [1]"Nepal: Apex court issues interim order to "temporarily register" same-sex marriages". ANI. Kathmandu. 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  46. ^ "Thai king signs same-sex marriage bill into law". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-12-23.
  47. ^ Kure, Rena (22 October 2015). "Buddhist Priest Invites Same-Sex Couples To Marry at His Temple". HuffPost. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  48. ^ Bailey, Cathryn (December 2008). "Embracing the Icon: The Feminist Potential of the Trans Bodhisattva, Kuan Yin". Hypatia. 24 (3): 178–196. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2009.01051.x. S2CID 144982548.
  49. ^ MATCHA (22 July 2020). "Shozenji, An LGBTQ Safe Temple Run by a Transgender Nun". MATCHA – JAPAN TRAVEL WEB MAGAZINE. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  50. ^ Yarber, Angela (9 May 2015). "Guanyin Revisited: Queer, Pacifist, Vegan Icon by Angela Yarber". Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  51. ^ Vo, Dan (7 January 2021). "THE COMPASSIONATE WAY: Towards Trans and Non-Binary Inclusive Narratives in Museums". SQS – Suomen Queer-tutkimuksen Seuran Lehti. 14 (1–2): 95–101. doi:10.23980/sqs.101457. S2CID 234116545.
  52. ^ Dart, John (1 July 1995). "U.S. Buddhist Group Approves Marriage-Like Rights for Gays". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  53. ^ "The Buddhist pioneers of same-sex marriage in the West: a little-known history of compassion in action by Dr Michael Vermeulen". ebumagazine.org. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  54. ^ Wilson, Jeff (27 June 2015). "A Big Gay History of Buddhist Same-sex Marriage". Tricycle: The Buddhist Review. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  55. ^ Kuwahara, Kiyonobu Joshin (2 June 2017). "Is My Sangha Inclusive?". Lion's Roar. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  56. ^ "European Rainbow Sangha – European Buddhist Union". europeanbuddhistunion.org. Retrieved 2024-12-23.
  57. ^ "Seattle Betsuin Brings New Light to LGBTQ Issues: Northwest Dharma Association". northwestdharma.org. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  58. ^ Wilson, Jeff (2012). ""All Beings Are Equally Embraced By Amida Buddha": Jodo Shinshu Buddhism and Same-Sex Marriage in the United States". Journal of Global Buddhism. 13: 31–59. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  59. ^ Wilson, Jeff (20 June 2018). "Buddha's Big Shrug: The Non-Conflictual History of Same-Sex Marriage in the Buddhist Churches of America". berkleycenter.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  60. ^ Hamamoto, Ben (10 July 2014). "Seminar traces roots of Buddhists' support for LGBTQ rights » Nichi Bei". nichibei.org. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  61. ^ Potts, Andrew M (19 April 2012). "Buddhists come out for equality". Star Observer. Retrieved 27 March 2021.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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