Chatswood, New Zealand

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Coordinates: 36°48′57″S 174°42′57″E / 36.8159°S 174.7157°E / -36.8159; 174.7157
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Chatswood
Suburb
The Chelsea Sugar Refinery and suburban Chatswood in the background
The Chelsea Sugar Refinery and suburban Chatswood in the background
Map
Coordinates: 36°48′57″S 174°42′57″E / 36.8159°S 174.7157°E / -36.8159; 174.7157
CountryNew Zealand
CityAuckland
Local authorityAuckland Council
Electoral wardNorth Shore ward
Local boardKaipatiki Local Board
Area
[1]
 • Land307 ha (759 acres)
Population
 (June 2023)[2]
 • Total3,490
Postcode(s)
0626
Beach Haven Birkenhead Birkenhead
(Waitematā Harbour)
Chatswood
 Birkenhead
(Waitematā Harbour) (Waitematā Harbour) (Waitematā Harbour)

Chatswood is a suburb in the city of Auckland, New Zealand, in the middle-eastern side of North Shore. It contains a primary school and many parks. To the south of Chatswood is Kendall's Bay, a small bay of the Waitematā Harbour. The suburb is under the governance of Auckland Council. The Royal New Zealand Navy's Kauri Point Armament Depot is located in Chatswood. Chelsea Sugar Refinery is located in Chatswood.

Etymology[edit]

The name Chatswood was decided by property developers in 1973.[3] In the latter 19th century, the sparsely populated area near Kauri Point was often referred to as Balmain.[4]

Geography[edit]

The Chatswood area is primarily uplifted Waitemata Group sandstone, that was deposited on the sea floor during the Early Miocene, between 22 and 16 million years ago.[5] Prior to human settlement, the inland North Shore was a mixed podocarp-broadleaf forest dominated by kauri and other conifer trees. Pōhutukawa trees dominated the coastal margins of Birkenhead.[5][6] Some kauri remnant forest remains in areas around Chatswood, including Kauri Park, Le Roys Bush, Kauri Point Domain, Kauri Glen and Eskdale Reserve.[7]

Duck Creek is a stream that flows south south-east through Chatswood, entering the Waitematā Harbour near the Chelsea Sugar Refinery.[8] A number of bays of the Waitematā Harbour can be found around Chatswood including (clockwise from right): Chelsea Bay,[9] Kendall Bay,[10] Onetaunga Bay,[11] Fitzpatrick Bay,[12] and Soldiers Bay.[13]

The highest in the suburb is 100 metres (330 ft) above sea-level, located on Onetaunga Road north of Bragato Place.[3] The southernmost point of the suburb is Kauri Point Birkenhead / Te Mātā-rae-o-Mana.[14]

History[edit]

Māori history[edit]

Kauri Point was the location of Te Mātārae ō Mana ("The Brow of Mana"), a Te Kawerau ā Maki pā overlooking the Waitematā Harbour and close to an important shark fishery

Māori settlement of the Auckland Region began around the 13th or 14th centuries.[15][16] The North Shore was settled by Tāmaki Māori, including people descended from the Tainui migratory canoe and ancestors of figures such as Taikehu and Peretū.[17] Many of the early Tāmaki Māori people of the North Shore identified as Ngā Oho.[18]

Boat Rock (Te Nihokiore, "The Rat's Tooth") in the Waitematā Harbour southwest of Birkenhead was a location of great significance to Tāmaki Māori. The rock was the location where Te Arawa chief Kahumatamomoe placed a mauri stone (a stone of religious significance), naming the Waitematā ("The Waters of the Stone") after the mauri stone.[19]

The warrior Maki migrated from the Kāwhia Harbour to his ancestral home in the Auckland Region, likely sometime in the 17th century. Maki conquered and unified many the Tāmaki Māori tribes as Te Kawerau ā Maki, including those of the North Shore.[20][21] After Maki's death, his sons settled different areas of his lands, creating new hapū. His younger son Maraeariki settled the North Shore and Hibiscus Coast, who based himself at the head of the Ōrewa River. Maraeariki's daughter Kahu succeeded him, and she is the namesake of the North Shore, Te Whenua Roa o Kahu ("The Greater Lands of Kahu").[22][23] Many of the iwi of the North Shore, including Ngāti Manuhiri, Ngāti Maraeariki, Ngāti Kahu, Ngāti Poataniwha, Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki and Ngāti Whātua, can trace their lineage to Kahu.[23][24]

The poor clay soils of the inland forest of the hindered development.[25] Most Māori settlements of the Birkenhead area focused on fishing and harvesting food from the forests.[26] The focal point of Te Kawerau ā Maki on the North Shore was Te Mātārae ō Mana ("The Brow of Mana"), a headland pā at Kauri Point, and Rongohau ("Wind Shelter"), the kāinga below the cliffs at Kendall Bay. Te Matarae ō Mana was named after the ancestor Manaoterangi, who was the rangatira of the pā in the mid-18th century,[27][28][18] and was likely constructed in the 17th century.[29] The pā was of strategic importance due to its commanding view of the Waitematā Harbour, and its proximity to a renowned tauranga mango, a shark fishery which brought seasonal visitors from across Tāmaki Makurau and the Hauraki Gulf in the summer,[18][29][30] including important rangatira such as Kiwi Tāmaki and later Tarahawaiki.[31] Based on archaeological studies of the pā, little activity such as food storage or refilled pits occurred in the pā compared to contemporary sites.[32]

Manaoterangi was a close relative of the Te Taoū/Ngāti Whātua ragatira Tuperiri, and was married to Waikahuia, the sister of Waiohua paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki. Because of this, the pā and Mana's people were spared during the conflicts between Te Taoū and Waiohua in the mid-18th century, and at the end of his life, Manaoterangi entrusted his people to Tuperiri and the iwi that grew to become Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei.[31]

By the early 19th century, the eastern headlands the Upper Waitematā Harbour, including along Oruamo or Hellyers Creek were some of the most densely settled areas of the North Shore by Tāmaki Māori.[33][34] Oruamo or Hellyers Creek was an important transportation node for the North Shore area.[5]

In the latter 18th and early 19th centuries, members of Te Taoū/Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei resided seasonally at Te Mātārae a Mana.[31] During the early 1820s, most Māori of the North Shore fled for the Waikato or Northland due to the threat of war parties during the Musket Wars.[35][36] Te Mātārae ō Mana and Rongohau were raided and destroyed in a night raid around the year 1823.[31]

When Tāmaki Māori returned in greater numbers to the Auckland Region, Te Mātārae ō Mana and Rongohau were occupied again, from 1835 until the early 1840s.[37][18] The shark fishery remained an important location for many decades onwards. In 1844, when Tāmaki Māori held the feast of Remuera, sharks were caught for the event at this fishery, and considerable numbers of Māori fishing boats fished the area as late as the 1860s.[31]

Outside of Te Mātārae ō Mana and Rongohau, other known locations of significance to Tāmaki Māori around Chatswood include Maunganui or Mangonui was the name of a pā located inland on the Kauri Point ridge,[28][31][32] and Ngutuwera, an inland pā where people would stay seasonally, to snare kākā in the wooded vallies of Tāwhiwhikareao.[31] The traditional names for the bays of the area include Wararoa (Chelsea) and Onetaunga (Onetaunga and Soldiers Bay).[18] Other pā associated with the ares include Onewa Pā, likely on the western side of Kendall Bay, which was occupied by Ngāti Whātua leader Tarahawaiki (the father of Āpihai Te Kawau).[32]

Early European settlement[edit]

Main article: Chelsea Sugar Refinery
The Chelsea Sugar Refinery in 1885

The area Chatswood was a part of the Mahurangi Block, an area purchased by the Crown on 13 April 1841.[38] Land speculators purchased much of the isolated forests of Birkenhead in 1843,[39] and the first permanent settlers arrived in 1849.[40] Major Collings Ann de Jersey Grut emigrated to New Zealand in the 1850s from the Channel Islands, alongside her husband Major Collings de Jersey Grut and brother Charles D'Auvergne.[41][40] The de Jersey Grut family established a farm and manor near Duck Creek in the 1850s,[42] but struggled to establish a farm. The poor soil led to starvation, and the servants needing to share food with the de Jersey Grut family members, and cattle would often wander off into the bush. The de Jersey Grut family left in 1865, and had their house shipped to Orewa.[40] Birkenhead was subdivided and promoted as a township from 1863,[43] and in 1882 Auckland Harbour Board constructed the Birkenhead Wharf.[44]

Around the year 1866, Walter Carnall established a brickworks at Kauri Point.[45]

In 1881, the Australasian Colonial Sugar Refining Company chose Birkenhead for the site of a new sugar refining factory, after founder Edward Knox visited Auckland.[46] The refinery was chosen due to Auckland's relative proximity to the sugarcane plantations of Fiji, and south-eastern Birkenhead was chosen as it was one of the few deep water anchorages of the Waitematā Harbour, and due to its proximity to the fresh water Duck Creek.[47][46] The factory opened in 1884, and by 1888 had greatly increased production.[48] The factory continues to be the largest single site industrial facility on the North Shore.[5]

The establishment of Chelsea Sugar Refinery led to a population explosion in Birkenhead and the surrounding areas,[49][5] and led to Birkenhead developing into a suburban township.[50] In the mid-1880s, a factory village was constructed adjacent for workers at the factory.[5] Mr Judd, the first customs officer, successfully convinced the Colonial Sugar Refining Company to call both the factory and adjacent company village Chelsea, after his hometown in England.[51] In 1938 on the eve of World War II, the New Zealand Government established the Kauri Point Armament Depot.[52]

Suburban development[edit]

Chatswood, seen soon after its construction (photographed in 1975).

In the 1950s, Birkenhead Borough was a semi-rural area of Auckland, with only the areas close to the Birkenhead Wharf having a suburban atmosphere.[53] In 1959, the Auckland Harbour Bridge opened, which rapidly brought Birkenhead closer to Auckland.[54] The North Shore wharves of the Waitematā Harbour stopped being major transport nodes, and instead, areas with views of the Waitematā Harbour rose in importance for suburban housing.[55]

Chatswood was developed in 1966, on surplus land no longer needed by Chelsea Sugar Refinery. The suburb was the largest and most expensive of the Birkenhead Borough suburbs that developed after the construction of the bridge.[56][57][58] The Chatswood Estate was sold to residents from 1973 onwards.[3]

In 1986, the Kauri Point Centennial Park was created to mark 100 years since the creation of the Birkenhead Borough Council.[59]

Demographics[edit]

Chatswood covers 3.07 km2 (1.19 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 3,490 as of June 2023,[2] with a population density of 1,137 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
20063,426—    
20133,402−0.10%
20183,531+0.75%
Source: [60]

Chatswood had a population of 3,531 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 129 people (3.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 105 people (3.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,134 households, comprising 1,740 males and 1,791 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female. The median age was 38.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 627 people (17.8%) aged under 15 years, 705 (20.0%) aged 15 to 29, 1,647 (46.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 552 (15.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 59.7% European/Pākehā, 4.7% Māori, 1.8% Pacific peoples, 36.9% Asian, and 3.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 48.2, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 54.5% had no religion, 32.1% were Christian, 2.5% were Hindu, 0.9% were Muslim, 1.7% were Buddhist and 1.8% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,191 (41.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 240 (8.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,700, compared with $31,800 nationally. 744 people (25.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,416 (48.8%) people were employed full-time, 420 (14.5%) were part-time, and 90 (3.1%) were unemployed.[60]

Local government[edit]

The first local government in the area was the North Shore Highway District, which began operating in 1868 and administered roading and similar projects across the North Shore.[5] From 1876, Chatswood was also a part of the Takapuna Riding of Waitemata County; a large rural county north and west of the city of Auckland.[61] In 1884 the Birkenhead Road District split from the North Shore Highway District.[5]

On 12 April 1888, with only 330 ratepayers the Birkenhead Road District became the Borough of Birkenhead, one of the earliest boroughs of Auckland.[62] The borough had a mayor and a local council, and was able to make more decisions on how to invest in the area. After 90 years due to major growth in the mid-20th century, Birkenhead became a city on 15 March 1978, with a population of 20,000 people.[63] In 1989, Chatswood and Birkenhead were merged into the North Shore City.[64] North Shore City was amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010.[65]

Within the Auckland Council, Chatswood is a part of the Kaipātiki local government area governed by the Kaipātiki Local Board. It is a part of the North Shore ward, which elects two councillors to the Auckland Council.

Amenities[edit]

The Chatswood area is home to a number of forested reserves, including Kauri Park, Centennial Park and Chatswood Reserve.[66]

Education[edit]

Chelsea School is a coeducational contributing primary (years 1-6) school with a roll of 329 as of February 2024.[67][68] It was built in 1981.[69]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "Chatswood". New Zealand Gazetteer. Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  4. ^ Verran, David (10 December 2022). "Birkenhead 1790-1906 Timeline". Birkenhead Heritage Society. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Heritage Consultancy Services (1 July 2011). North Shore Heritage - Thematic Review Report Volume 1 (PDF) (Report). Auckland Council. ISBN 978-1-927169-21-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  6. ^ Davidson, Janet; Wallace, Rod (1992). "Additional Information about the Pa at Kauri Point, Birkenhead, Auckland". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 29: 1–5. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906421. Wikidata Q58677420.
  7. ^ McClure, Margaret 1987, pp. 203.
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  32. ^ Gaylard, Doug; Clough, Rod (March 2020). 473 Albany Highway, Albany: Archaeological Assessment (PDF). Clough & Associates (Report). Auckland Council. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
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  46. ^ McClure, Margaret 1987, pp. 40–41.
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  48. ^ McClure, Margaret 1987, pp. 46.
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  57. ^ "History of Birkenhead District -". Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  58. ^ Cameron, Ewen; Hayward, Bruce; Murdoch, Graeme (2008). A Field Guide to Auckland: Exploring the Region's Natural and Historical Heritage (rev. ed.). Random House New Zealand. p. 138-141. ISBN 978-1-86962-1513.
  59. ^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Chatswood (126300). 2018 Census place summary: Chatswood
  60. ^ Reidy, Jade (2009). "How the West Was Run". In Macdonald, Finlay; Kerr, Ruth (eds.). West: The History of Waitakere. Random House. pp. 238–239. ISBN 9781869790080.
  61. ^ McClure, Margaret 1987, pp. 60.
  62. ^ McClure, Margaret 1987, pp. 194–196.
  63. ^ McClure, Margaret (6 December 2007). "Auckland places - The North Shore". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  64. ^ Blakeley, Roger (2015). "The planning framework for Auckland 'super city': an insider's view". Policy Quarterly. 11 (4). doi:10.26686/pq.v11i4.4572. ISSN 2324-1101.
  65. ^ Community Facilities Trust Birkenhead/Northcote (2006). Harbourside Explorer: A Guide to Exploring What's In and Around Birkenhead and Northcote (2nd ed.). North Shore City. pp. 6–7.
  66. ^ "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  67. ^ Education Counts: Chelsea School
  68. ^ "About Chelsea School". Chelsea School. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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