Draft:Delhi Sultanate–Mewar conflicts

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 Comment:: For the reviewer, The article was twice moved from the mainspace to draftspace; see talk page discussions. Not ready for mainspace as the article is a product of meatpuppetry and POV pushing. Will go for an ANI when I am free.Imperial[AFCND] 19:46, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

 Comment: For the reviewer, All the information in the article are well supported by multiple reliable sources. The article was moved to draftspace because some wiki editors wanted addition of information, Background, Aftermath, etc. which now have been included. Also, the article has completely been written from a neutral point of view supported by sources (not own research).Mohammad Umar Ali 08:45, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

Delhi Sultanate—Mewar conflicts
Date13th century - 16th century
Location
Modern day Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
Result Mewar Victory
Territorial
changes		 Fall of Delhi Sultanate after First Battle of Panipat in 1526
Belligerents

Kingdom of Mewar

Mughal Empire[1]

Delhi Sultanate

Commanders and leaders
Jaitrasimha
Viradhavala
Tejasimha
Sarangdeva
Rawal Samarsimha
Bhuvanasimha
Ratnasimha
Rana Lakhan †
Ari Singh †
Maharana Hammir
Baruji Sauda
Junsi Kachhwaha
Kshetra Singh
Lakha Singh
Mokal Singh
Rana Sanga (WIA)
Medini Rai
Babur		 Iltutmish
Balban
Ulugh Khan
Alauddin Khalji
Firuz Shah Tughluq
Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)
Ibrahim Lodi

The Mewar-Delhi Sultanate conflicts were a series of battles that happened from the mid 13th to early 16th century. With the defeat of Chauhan ruler Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 CE, Delhi Sultanate, a successor to Ghurid dynasty, was established in the northern part of India. After conquering much of Indo-Gangetic Plain the Sultans of Delhi now had turned their attention towards North-Western India. They subdued Jalore, Ajmer and Ranthambore and followed up by invading Mewar.[2][3]

The Rawals under Rawal Tej Singh and Samar Singh were initially able to repulse these invasions.[4] However, they faced a major setback when their capital Chittorgarh was captured by Sultan Alauddin Khalji in 1303.[5]

Hammir Singh, who was one of the descendants of the junior branch of the Guhila dynasty, recovered whole of Mewar including Chittorgarh and further defeated the invading army of the Delhi Sulatante in Singoli. This victory made whole of Rajputana practically independent of the Sultanate's rule.[6] Maharana Hammir's successors Maharana Kshetra and Maharana Lakha were able to gain territories of Badnore and Bakrole from Delhi Sultanate[7]. Mewar's golden age started under the reign of Maharana Kumbha and reached its zenith under Maharana Sanga.[8] [9] Rana Sanga, with his superior tactics, repeatedly humbled Ibrahim Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, prevailing over him decisively at Khatoli, Dholpur and Ranthambhore. These victories not only secured Mewar’s triumph but also expanded its boundaries up to Bayana.[10][11][12] At the height of his power, Rana Sanga held control over extensive regions encompassing much of present day Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh with his capital at Chittor.[13] These events not only made Mewar one of the greatest powers in Northern India in the early 16th century but also contributed to the downfall and weakening of the Delhi Sultanate.[14] The Sultanate ultimately collapsed after its last Sultan Ibrahim was defeated by Timurid ruler Babur with the help of Rana Sanga and other rebellious Afghani chiefs.[15]

Background[edit]

The Guhila dynasty, a Rajput dynasty, governed the Mewar region of present-day Rajasthan, founded by Bappa Rawal in the 8th century.[16] However some historians discard Bappa Rawal as founder of the dynasty.[17] Bappa Rawal is famous for repelling the Arab invasion of India and this led to a belief of him being the founder of this dynasty.[18]

Guhila dynasty
गुहिल राजवंश
The Guhilas and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 1250 CE.[19]

The Guhila kings then ruled as Imperial Pratihara's feudatories between end of 8th and 9th centuries and later were independent in period of the early 10th century and allied themselves with the Rashtrakutas.[20]

In the later half of 10th century, the Guhilas encountered numerous defeats from neighboring kingdoms like the Chahamanas of Shakambhari, the Chalukyas of Gujarat, and the Paramaras of Malwa. At one point, the Paramara king Munja II even occupied the Chittorgarh fort, but the Guhilots refused to surrender and instead gathered their strength gradually.[21]

Seizing the opportunity presented by the Ghurid invasions weakening the Chauhans, Chalukyas, and Paramaras in neighboring kingdoms, Jaitra Singh attempted to leverage this situation to consolidate Guhila power over the region.[21] It was during his reign, that the Delhi Sultan Iltutmish raided Mewar for the first time thus giving rise to a conflict that went over a span of about three centuries.

Battles during Guhila Dynasty[edit]

Name of Conflict (time) Rawal of Mewar/Commander Opposition (Sultan/Commander) Outcome
Invasion of Mewar

(1253–54)

Tejasimha Balban

(under Sultan Nasiruddin Shah)

Mewar Victory[22]
  • Tejasimha successfully repulses the muslim invasion.
Second Invasion of Mewar (1255) Tejasimha Balban

(under Sultan Nasiruddin Shah)

Mewar Victory[22]
  • Rawal Tejasimha who gave refuge to Qutlug Khan who revolted against Sultan of Delhi repelled another invasion from Balban.
Invasion of Gujarat (sometime before 1285) Samarasimha
  • Sarangdeva
 Balban Mewar Victory[23][24][25]
  • The combined forces successfully routed out the Muslim army.
Raid on Mewar (1299) Samarasimha Ulugh Khan

(under Sultan Alauddin Khalji)

Inconclusive[27][26][25][28]
  • The Sultanate forces during invasion of gujarat met somewhere near Chittor and attempted to raid the Guhila territory but were met with strong resistance. The sources are contradicting, as some suggest that Guhila king's feudatory Bhuvanasimha repelled the raid[26] while others suggest that Samarasimha protected his country possibly by paying a tribute.[29]
Siege of Chittorgarh (1303) Ratnasimha Alauddin Khalji Khalji Victory[25][31]
  • The Siege of Chittorgarh occurred in 1303, when Alauddin Khalji captured and sacked the Chittor Fort, toppling the Guhila king Ratnasimha, after an eight-month-long siege.
  • Alauddin renamed Chittor to Khizrabad and assigned it to his son Khizr Khan and later to Maladeva who ruled it as a vassal of the sultan.[32]

Battles during Sisodia dynasty[edit]

Name of Conflict (time) Maharana of Mewar/Commander Opposition (Sultan/Commander) Outcome
Recovery of Mewar (1321–36) Maharana Hammir Maladeva & Jaiza

(first under Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq and later Muhammad bin Tughluq)

Mewar Victory[34][35][33][36]
  • Amid the turmoil caused by the end of the Khalji dynasty in Delhi, Hammir Singh regained control of whole of Mewar including Chittorgarh.
  • He evicted Maladeva's son Jaiza, the Chauhan vassal of the Delhi Sultantate, from Mewar and established the Sisodiya dynasty in Mewar.
Battle of Singoli (1336) Maharana Hammir Muhammad bin Tughluq Mewar Victory[34]
  • After Hammir regained whole of Mewar, Jaiza fled in panic to the Delhi court of Muhammad bin Tughluq, prompting Tughluq to order the Sultanate's army to march towards Mewar.
  • According to Rajput chronicles, in the ensuing battle, the Tughlaq army was defeated and Muhammad bin Tughlaq was taken prisoner.[38] However historians such as Majumdar and Hooja have rejected the idea of imprisonment of Sultan himself.
  • Nonetheless, Hammir Singh managed to gain a decisive victory and free whole of Rajputana from Sultanate's rule.[39][34]
Battle of Bakrol Maharana Kshetra Firuz Shah Tughlaq Mewar Victory[40]
  • Kshetra Singh obtained a victory over the King of Delhi, who was badly defeated at Bakrole.
Battle of Badnor Maharana Lakha Firuz Shah Tughlaq Mewar Victory[41][42]
  • Rana Lakha like his father defeated the royal army of Delhi's Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq.
  • He further took the war to Gaya in Bihar and got exemption from the pilgrimage tax imposed on the Hindus for their visit there.
Battle of Raipur Maharana Mokal Mubarak Shah Mewar Victory[43]
  • Maharana Mokal repelled an invasion by Sayyid dynasty.
Battle of Khatoli (1517) Maharana Sanga

(WIA)

Ibrahim Khan Lodi Mewar Victory[44]
  • Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodi and annexed northeast Rajputana.
  • Ibrahim after being defeated fled from the battle leaving one of his sons behind to be taken as a prisoner.[45]
  • The resources of Ibrahim were depleted by this war with Sanga so he could not renew the contest for some time.[14]
Battle of Dholpur (1519) Maharana Sanga Ibrahim Khan Lodi Mewar Victory[14]
  • In the battle, which was fought near Dholpur, the Mewar army made a successful charge, and defeated the opposing armies despite being numerically inferior.
  • The boundaries of Rana Sanga's military influence came to extend within striking distance of Agra. Chanderi bestowed to Medini Rai.[14]
Battle of Ranthambhore Maharana Sanga Ibrahim Khan Lodi Mewar Victory[46]
  • According to a 16th-century text "Parshvanath-Shravan-Sattavisi", Rana Sanga further defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Ranthambore after the Siege of Mandsaur.
First Battle of Panipat (1526) Maharana Sanga Ibrahim Khan Lodi Mughal Victory[47]
  • This major battle was fought between the Afghans under Ibrahim Lodi and Timurids under Babur aided by Rana Sanga of Mewar[48] and some of the Afghan rebels of the Lodi empire.
  • Ibrahim Lodi died on the field of battle along with 20,000 of his troops. The battle of Panipat thus resulted in the fall of the Delhi Sultanate.

Aftermath[edit]

The conflict ultimately ended after the defeat and death of the Sultanate's last sultan Ibrahim. After this conflict, Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga had emerged as the most powerful native power in Northern India.[49] Sanga earlier thought that Babur wouldn't stay in Delhi for long but his assumption turned out to be wrong. This brought him in conflict with the Timurids.[50] Babur too realizing the potential threat started preparing for the war. Both powers then engaged in multiple battles, the well known of which were Bayana and Khanwa.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Richards, John F., ed. (January 1965). "The Economic History of the Lodi Period: 1451-1526". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 8 (1): 47–67. doi:10.1163/156852065X00020.
  2. ^ Srivastav Ashoka .k (1981). Khalji Sultans In Rajasthan.
  3. ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age Publishers. pp. pg-336. ISBN 81-224-1198-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  4. ^ Somani, Ram Vallabh (1976). History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. C.L. Ranka, Jaipur.
  5. ^ Chandra, Satish (2007). History of Medieval India: 800-1700. Orient BlackSwan. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7.
  6. ^ Majumdar, R.C (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultante (2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. Pg- 70 "The story of Hammira's success against the Muslims cannot, therefore, be regarded as altogether baseless. We may accept the conclusion of Ojha that not only Mewar but nearly the whole of Rajputana became practically independent of Delhi Sultanate.".{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  7. ^ Sarda, Har Bilas (1917). Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar. University of California Libraries. Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co.
  8. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. pp. Pg-340 "Kumbha’s vigorous policy resulted in an unprecedented expansion of the boundaries of Mewar, besides the acquiacquisition of immense wealth, including ransoms, indemnities and loot. ISBN 978-81-291-0890-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  9. ^ Sarda, Har Bilas (1917). Maharana Kumbha Soverign, Soldier, Scholar. Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co. pp. Pg-47 " Maharana not only successfully defended his country against the attacks, first made singly and when thus defeated, made in combination by the Kings of Malwa and Gujrat, then at the zenith of their power and prestige, but carried the war into the countries of his foes, humbled their pride, took from them several forts and cities, extended his dominions on all sides and became the most powerful sovereign of his time in India.".
  10. ^ Rooja, Hima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. pp. Pg- 451 "Finally, Sultan Ibrahim Lodi himself took the field against Mewar. However, he too faced a severe setback at the battle of Ghatoli, with Sanga’s triumph crowned by the capture of a prince of Delhi’s ruling dynasty. (The Waqayat-i-Mushtaqi by Rizqullah Mushtaqi mentions a Lodi victory over Sanga, though this is not corroborated by other sources ". ISBN 978-81-291-0890-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  11. ^ Sarda, Har Bilas (1918). Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race. University of California Libraries. Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries.
  12. ^ Hussain, Agha Mahdi (1938). Rise and Fall of Mohammed Bin T uqlaq. pp. Pg-99 "Khet Singh, is said to have completely defeated and expelled a Muslim invader, Flroz Khan of Nagor. Rana Kumbha, the son and successor of Mokal, defeated the joint forces of the Muslim kings of Malwa and Gujarat. ‘‘He (Kumbha), ” Erskine 1 tells us, ‘‘defeated Mahmud Khalji of Malwa and kept him prisoner at Chittor for six months.” Rai Mai, a son and successor of Rana Kumbha, defeated Sultan Ghiyas-ud-dln of Malwa. And Prithwl Raj, a son of Rana Rai Mai, according to one account took the latter prisoner. According to another account he captured Muzaffar Shah, the King of Gujarat. Rai Mai was succeeded by the famous Rana Sanga, who became the leader of a Rajput confederacy and fought against Babur at Khanua. " The Princes of Marwar and Amber did him homage and the Raos of Gwalior, Ajmer, Sikrl, Raisen, KalpI, Chanderl, Bundi, Gagraun, Rampura and Abu served him as tributaries.Now, the ascendancy of Mcwar, which became an outstanding feature of sixteenth century India".
  13. ^ Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. p. 224. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9.
  14. ^ a b c d Sarda, Har Bilas (1918). Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race. University of California Libraries. Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries.
  15. ^ Richards, John F. (1965-01-01). "The Economic History of the Lodi Period: 1451-1526". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 8 (1): 47–67. doi:10.1163/156852065X00020. ISSN 1568-5209.
  16. ^ Ludden, David (2013-11-01). India and South Asia: A Short History. Simon and Schuster. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6.
  17. ^ Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications. p. 40.
  18. ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 298–299. ISBN 978-81-208-0436-4.
  19. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 21, 147. ISBN 0226742210.
  20. ^ Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications. p. 51.
  21. ^ a b A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat, A.D. 1206-1526, edited by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami. People's Publishing House. 1970.
  22. ^ a b Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications. pp. 86–87.
  23. ^ Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications. pp. 90–91.
  24. ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1966). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
  25. ^ a b c S N Sen (1987). Ancient Indian history and civilization.
  26. ^ a b c Majumdar, Asoke Kumar (1956). Chaulukyas of Gujarat: A Survey of the History and Culture of Gujarat from the Middle of the Tenth to the End of the Thirteenth Century. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 188.
  27. ^ Lal, Kishori Saran (1968). History of the Khaljis, A.D. 1290-1320. Asia Publishing House. p. 84.
  28. ^ Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications. p. 91.
  29. ^ Jackson, Peter (2003-10-16). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
  30. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB). Rupa & Company. p. 313. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0.
  31. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB). Rupa & Company. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0.
  32. ^ A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami. People's Publishing House. 1970. p. 368.
  33. ^ a b Jain, Pratibha; Śarmā, Saṅgītā (2004). Honour, Status & Polity. Rawat Publications. ISBN 978-81-7033-859-8. The Charans who occupied significant positions in the courts of the rulers were known as Barhats. In Mewar, the descendants of Baru Charan, who came to be known as Sauda Barhats, acquired prominence on account of Baru's timely military assistance to Hammir in regaining his lost throne.
  34. ^ a b c Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70.
  35. ^ Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1976). History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications. p. 106.
  36. ^ Lal, Kishori Saran (1968). History of the Khaljis, A.D. 1290-1320. Asia Publishing House. p. 131. Maldeva's greatest enemy was Hammir, Rānã of Sesoda, whose grandfather Lakshman Singh had died with his seven sons including Arsi Singh, father of Hamrair, fighting in the battle of Chittor. Hammīr who had survived the memorable battle, Hammir became the Rana of Sesoda estate and constantly waged war to obtain Chittor Maldeva tried to conciliate him. He married his daughter to Hammīr and ceded certain parts of Chittor to him, but the brave Ränā was determined to regain the whole of Chittor. At last his efforts were crowned with success and after the death of Maldeva in about 1321 A.D. Hammir became master of the whole of Mewar, and assumed the title of Mahãrānā. In an inscription of Mahārānā Kumbhā's time,dated 1438 A.D.;Hammīr is said to have killed a large number of Musalmans. Hammir's descendants have ruled Mewar to the present day
  37. ^ Bhatnagar, V. S. (1974). Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743. Impex India. p. 377. In regards of Allaudin invasion, We do not know the outcome of the campaign. However, even if Amber was conquered by Turkish domination, which seems likely, it is certain that they soon regained freedom by taking advantage of the growing weakness of the Sultanate after 1335 A.D by Raja Junsi (Jawan Singh) in joining Rana Hammir of Mewar against Delhi Sultanate forces.
  38. ^ Brooks, J. C. (1859). History Of Mewar.
  39. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. p. 331. ISBN 978-81-291-0890-6.
  40. ^ Sarda, Har Bilas (1917). Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar. University of California Libraries. Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co.
  41. ^ Ahluwalia, Manjit Singh (1978). Muslim Expansion in Rajasthan: The Relations of Delhi Sultanate with Rajasthan, 1206-1526. Yugantar Prakashan. p. 168. Lakshman Simha (Rana Lakha) is said to have defeated the Sultan of Delhi near Badnor and got exemption from the pilgrimage tax imposed on the Hindus for their visits to holy places like Kashi, Gaya and Paryag.
  42. ^ Sarda, Har Bilas (1917). Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar. University of California Libraries. Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co.
  43. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. pp. 335–336. ISBN 978-81-291-0890-6.
  44. ^ Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) - Part One. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
  45. ^ "p.56-7. Maharana Sanga: The Hindupat, the Last Great Leader of the Rajput Race". 2015-12-08. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  46. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. p. 451. ISBN 978-81-291-0890-6.
  47. ^ Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9.
  48. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB). Rupa & Company. p. 453. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0. In contrast, the traditional Rajput version holds that it was not Sanga, already powerful enough and mainly successful against various enemy states, who had sent an envoy to Babur....but rather, it was Babur who sought an ally of undoubted ability and strength against their common foe, Ibrahim Lodi.
  49. ^ Bhatnagar, V. S. (1974). Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743. Impex India. p. 6.
  50. ^ Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9.

Sources[edit]

  1. Brooks,J.C. (1859) History of Mewar
  2. Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2004) Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
  3. S N Sen (1987) Ancient history and civilization
  4. Payne, C (1960) Tod's Annals of Rajasthan The Annals of Mewar
  5. Hooja, Rima (2006) A History of Rajasthan Rupa and Company ISBN 978-81-291-0890-6
  6. Majumdar, R.C. (1960) The History and Culture of the Indian People Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
  7. Sarda Har Bilas (1917) Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar University of California Libraries Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co.
  8. Sarda, Har Bilas (1970) Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race University of California Libraries Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries
  9. Somani, Ramvallabha (1976) History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. Mateshwari Publications
  10. Majumdar, R.C. (1966) The History and Culture of the Indian People Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
  11. Majumdar, Asoke Kumar (1976) Chaulukyas of Gujarat: A Survey of the History and Culture of Gujarat from the Middle of the Tenth to the End of the Thirteenth Century Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
  12. Lal, Kishori Saran (1968) History of the Khaljis, A.D. 1290-1320 Asia Publishing House
  13. Jackson, Peter (2003-10-16) The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3
  14. Chandra, Satish (2007) History of Medieval India: 800-1700 Orient BlackSwan ISBN
  15. A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami People's Publishing House (1970)
  16. Jain, Pratibha; Sarma. Sangita Honour, Status & Polity Rawat Publications ISBN 978-81-7033-859-8
  17. Bhatnagar, V.S. (1974) Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743 Impex India
  18. Ahluwalia, Manjit Singh (1978) Muslim Expansion in Rajasthan: The Relations of Delhi Sultanate with Rajasthan, 1206-1526 Yugantar Prakashan
  19. Chandra, Satish (2004) Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) - Part One Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5

Category:Delhi Sultanate Category:Wars

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