Draft:Haplogroup R-U106
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Last edited by Pittacus1 (talk | contribs) 5 days ago. (Update) |
| Haplogroup R-U106 | |
|---|---|
| Ancestor | R1b1a1a (R-P297) |
| Descendants | FGC3861
Z19 S263 S499 M467/U198 |
| Defining mutations | M405 |
Haplogroup R1b-U106 is the sub-clade of human Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b that is defined by the SNP marker M405. It is a sub-clade of haplogroup R-M269.
According to ISOGG 2020 it is phylogenetically classified as R1b1a1b1a1a1.
Origin[edit]
R-M269 had formerly been dated to the Upper Paleolithic,[1] but by about 2010 it was thought to have formed near the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution, about 10,000 years ago.[2][3][4] More recent archaeogenetics studies since 2015, however, strongly suggest an origin among Eneolithic hunter-gatherers from eastern Europe.[5][6]
Balaresque et al. (2010) based on the pattern of Y-STR diversity argued for a single source in the Near East and introduction to Europe via Anatolia in the Neolithic Revolution. In this scenario, Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Europe would have been nearly replaced by the incoming farmers. By contrast, Busby et al. (2012) could not confirm the results of Balaresque et al. (2010) and could not make credible estimates of the age of R-M269 based on Y-STR diversity.[7][8] Furthermore, more recent studies have found that the Y-DNA of Early European Farmers is typically haplogroup G2a.[9]
According to a 2015 study,[5] a hunter-gatherer from Samara (dated 5640-5555 cal BCE) belonging to haplogroup R1b1(*) was ancestral for both haplogroups R-M269 and R-M478. According to the authors, the occurrence of basal forms of R1b in eastern European hunter-gatherers provides a "geographically plausible source" for haplogroup R-M269. Subclades of R-M269, such as R-Z2103, have been found to be prevalent in ancient DNA found in individuals associated with the Yamnaya culture and related populations,[5][10] and the dispersal of this haplogroup is associated with the spread of so-called "steppe ancestry" and at least some of the Indo-European languages.[5][11]
According to Lazaridis et al. (2022), "the most likely hypothesis" is that the entire R-M269 clade originated "in the North Caucasus and steppe to the north".[12]
The subclade R-P311 is substantially confined to Western Europe in modern populations. R-P311 is absent from Neolithic-era ancient DNA found in Western Europe, strongly suggesting that its current distribution is due to population movements within Europe taking place after the end of the Neolithic. The three major subclades of P311 are U106 (S21), L21 (M529, S145), and U152 (S28). These show a clear articulation within Western Europe, with centers in the Low Countries, the British Isles and the Alps, respectively.[13] These lineages are associated with the non-Iberian steppe-related groups of the Bell Beaker culture, and demonstrate the relationship between steppe-related ancestry and R1b-M269 subclades,[10] which are "the major lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe ancestry in western Europe after 2500 BC".[14]
Distribution[edit]
Sub-clades[edit]
R1b1a1b1a1a1a (FGC3861/Z8056)[edit]
R1b1a1b1a1a1b (Z19)[edit]
R1b1a1b1a1a1c (S263/Z381)[edit]
R1b1a1b1a1a1d[edit]
R1b1a1b1a1a1f (A2150)[edit]
R-L23* (R1b1a1a2a*) is now most commonly found in Europe, Anatolia, the Caucasus.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, et al. (November 2000). "The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.
- ^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) – Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades
- ^ Arredi B, Poloni ES, Tyler-Smith C (2007). "The peopling of Europe". In Crawford, Michael H. (ed.). Anthropological genetics: theory, methods and applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-521-54697-3.
- ^ Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Antonelli C, Pascone R, Valesini G, Scalzi V, et al. (June 2011). "Strong intra- and inter-continental differentiation revealed by Y chromosome SNPs M269, U106 and U152". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 5 (3): e49–52. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.07.006. PMID 20732840.
- ^ a b c d Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (June 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–11. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
- ^ Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, et al. (June 2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.
- ^ Balaresque P, Bowden GR, Adams SM, Leung HY, King TE, Rosser ZH, et al. (January 2010). Penny D (ed.). "A predominantly neolithic origin for European paternal lineages". PLOS Biology. 8 (1): e1000285. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285. PMC 2799514. PMID 20087410.
- ^ Busby GB, Brisighelli F, Sánchez-Diz P, Ramos-Luis E, Martinez-Cadenas C, Thomas MG, et al. (March 2012). "The peopling of Europe and the cautionary tale of Y chromosome lineage R-M269". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 279 (1730): 884–892. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1044. PMC 3259916. PMID 21865258.
- ^ Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N, Mallick S, Patterson N, Roodenberg SA, et al. (December 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. 528 (7583): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. PMC 4918750. PMID 26595274.
- ^ a b Olalde I, Brace S, Allentoft ME, Armit I, Kristiansen K, Booth T, et al. (March 2018). "The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe". Nature. 555 (7695): 190–196. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..190O. doi:10.1038/nature25738. PMC 5973796. PMID 29466337.
- ^ Anthony DW (2019-12-06). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split". In Serangeli M, Olander T (eds.). Dispersals and Diversification. BRILL. pp. 21–53. doi:10.1163/9789004416192_003. ISBN 978-90-04-41619-2. S2CID 213909442.
- ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe". Science. 377 (6609): Supplementary material, p.332. doi:10.1126/science.abm4247. PMC 10064553. PMID 36007055.
Given that within the phylogeny of R-M269 (R-PF7562, (R-L51, R-Z2103 is meant) both R-PF7562 and R-Z2103 have their earliest examples in the North Caucasus and steppe to the north, the most likely hypothesis is that the entire R-M269 clade originated there as well, with R-L51 representing a lineage that eventually became highly successful in mainland Europe, R-PF7562 a lineage that did not achieve the prominence of its relatives, and R-Z2103 became highly successful (briefly) as part of the Yamnaya culture and its offshoots
- ^ Hammer M (2013). Origins of R-M269 Diversity in Europe. FamilyTreeDNA 9th Annual Conference.
- ^ Sjögren KG, Olalde I, Carver S, Allentoft ME, Knowles T, Kroonen G, et al. (2019-12-11). "Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries". PLOS ONE. 15 (11): e0241278. bioRxiv 10.1101/863944. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241278. hdl:10261/236801. PMC 7668604. PMID 33196640. S2CID 212833639.