Draft:Kingdom of Nangchen
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The Kingdom of Nangchen (Tibetan: ནང་ཆེན་རྒྱལ་པོ, Wylie: nang chen rgyal po; Chinese: 囊谦土司), also known as the Kingdom of Nangqian and by other names, was a Tibetan tusi in what is now present-day Nangqen County, in the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. It existed from 1175 to 1955, when it was abolished as part of reforms made after the communist victory in the Chinese Civil War.
The kingdom was founded in 1175 by Wa Alu, the 47th generation leader of the Nangqian family. In the same year, he was declared the King of Nangchen, and declared loyalty to the Southern Song. In 1239 the kingdom was invaded by Godan Khan and annexed, but later the Yuan dynasty recognized the Kingdom of Nancheng. In the early years of the Qing dynasty, the kingdom was invaded by the Kingdom of Baili. The invasion was repelled with the assistance of the Khoshut Khanate, led by Güshi Khan. From this time until 1726, Nancheng paid tribute to Tibet. After Tibet was incorporated into China, the Qing appointed the king of Nangchen as the Qianhu of Nangchen, Chengduo and Yushu, under the jurisdiction of Xining. In 1862, Tutsi Zhan was usurped by Gonpo Namgyal, the leader of a rebel Tibetan army. Nancheng later assisted the Qing in suppressing Namgyal's revolt.
In 1914, during the reign of the 70th Tusi, Nangchen came into turmoil as a result of its dispute with the Kingdom of Derge over Chengduo. Derge was subordinate to Sichuan, while Nangchen was subordinate to Qinghai. The Sichuan clique attempted to coerce Nangchen into joining them, while the Ma clique sent troops to support the kingdom. In the end the Beiyang government demarcated the border and concluded that Nangchen was to return to Xining. In 1932, the kingdom was invaded by Tibet, and it did not resist. Later, Nangchen was recaptured by the Ma.
In September 1949, the last Tusi of Nangchen, Tashi Tsewang Dorje, after learning that the People's Liberation Army had captured Xining, ordered his subordinates to join the Chinese Communist Party. In 1955, the Tusi system was abolished, and the kingdom became what is now Nangqen County.