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Draft:List of breakaway republics during the dissolution of the USSR

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The following is a list of republics which attempted to secede from the USSR during the dissolution of the USSR.

List

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The following contains the countries which successfully seceded from the USSR during its dissolution. The countries which were re-incorporated into the successor states of the Soviet Union are displayed with a blue background, and those which still exist but are not members of the UN are displayed with a pink background.
Countries which seceded after the dissolution of the USSR such as Donetsk, are not listed here. Also, rebellions which occurred before the dissolution of the USSR such as the Tambov rebellions after the Russian Civil War, and the Ukrainian ultranationalist rebellions during WW2, which did also not succeed in establishing separate states, are not listed here.

Country Date of secession Official name Note Ref
Abkhazia 23 July 1992 Republic of Abkhazia Abkhazia won a war of secession with Georgia in 1992-93, and formally declared independence in 1999. However, most countries regard it as a part of Georgia. After the Russo-Georgian War in 2008, it was recognized by Russia. [1]
Adjara none Autonomous Republic of Adjara Though Adjara never really seceded from Georgia, from the starting of the Georgian Civil War in 1992, to the ousting of Aslan Abashidze in 2004, a virtual border line was drawn between Adjara and the rest of Georgia. Abashidze ran the region like a personal fiefdom. [2][3]
Armenia 21 September 1991 Republic of Armenia
Artsakh 6 January 1992 Republic of Artsakh In 1991, Nagorno-Karabakh (or Artsakh) declared independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union and it functioned effectively as a part of Armenia, though it was internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. In 2023, the Azerbaijani forces defeated it, and it was dissolved in 2024. [4]
Azerbaijan 18 October 1991 Republic of Azerbaijan
Belarus 25 August 1991 Republic of Belarus
Ichkeria 1 November 1991 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria The Republic of Ichkeria fought for the independence of Chechnya from the Russian Federation, it was a de facto independent state from 1991 to 2000 when it lost the capital Grozny. Later, it became an underground group which was associated with Islamist terrorists. [5][6]
Estonia 8 May 1990 Republic of Estonia
Gagauzia 19 August 1990 Gagauz Republic Gagauzia seceded from Soviet Moldova in 1990 as a separate entity within the Soviet Union, and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union it became a de facto state. It voluntarily joined Moldova in June 1995. [7]
Georgia 9 April 1991 Georgia
Kazakhstan 16 December 1991 Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan was the last republic to secede from the Soviet Union.
Kyrgyzstan 31 August 1991 Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia 4 May 1990 Republic of Latvia
Lithuania 11 March 1990 Republic of Lithuania Lithuania was the first republic to secede from the Soviet Union.
Moldova 27 August 1991 Republic of Moldova
Russia 12 December 1991 Russian Federation
South Ossetia 29 May 1992 Republic of South Ossetia – State of Alania South Ossetian nationalists declared independence from the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic on 20 September 1990, which led to a conflict between Georgia and South Ossetia which lasted until 1993. Later, Russia recognized it due to the 2008 war with Georgia. [8][9][10]
Tajikistan 9 September 1991 Republic of Tajikistan
Talysh-Mughan 21 June 1993 Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic The Mugdam Republic was formed in 1993, and disestablished within a few months. It was founded by Alikram Humbatov who wanted autonomy and rights for the Talysh. Eventually it was forcibly disbanded by the Azerbaijani government. [11][12]
Tatarstan 21 March 1992 Republic of Tatarstan Tatarstan declared independence in 1992 after a referendum. Russia tried to influence the results so that Tatarstan would not be independent. Eventually in 1994, Tatarstan and Russia signed a treaty in which Tatarstan would be part of Russia with significant autonomy. [13][14]
Transnistria 2 September 1990 Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic Transnistria broke off from Moldova in 1990. It has operated with de facto independence since a brief military conflict in 1992, though it is internationally recognized as a part of Moldova. It relies mostly on Russia. [15][16]
Turkmenistan 27 October 1991 Turkmenistan
Ukraine 24 August 1991 Ukraine
Uzbekistan 1 September 1991 Republic of Uzbekistan

References

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  1. ^ "Abkhazia profile". BBC News. 2012-05-23. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  2. ^ "Georgia threatens rebel region". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  3. ^ "Aslan Abashidze, a Man of Feudal Loyalty and Pride". Civil Georgia. 2002-12-21. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  4. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh profile". BBC News. 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  5. ^ "Chechen Republic of Ichkeria | Mapping Militants Project". mappingmilitants.org. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  6. ^ "Chechnya profile". BBC News. 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  7. ^ Kosienkowski, Marcin. "The Gagauz Republic: An Autonomism-Driven De Facto State" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ "South Ossetia profile". BBC News. 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  9. ^ "38. Georgia/South Ossetia (1990-present)". uca.edu. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  10. ^ "Непризнанные государства — Южная Осетия | Геополитика®" (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  11. ^ "UNPO: Talysh: A Persistent and Ongoing Struggle". unpo.org. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  12. ^ Storm, Karli (24 May 2024). "'Diffuse Support' and Authoritarian Regime Resilience: Azerbaijanism vis-à-vis Azerbaijan's Talysh Minority". ResearchGate.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ "Report on the Tatarstan Referendum on Sovereignty – CSCE". 1992-03-21. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
  14. ^ "On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Powers between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
  15. ^ "Transnistria: Country Profile". Freedom House. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  16. ^ "Transnistria profile". BBC News. 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
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