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Tesla Model S
A front-three quarter view of a red Model S
Overview
ManufacturerTesla, Inc.
ProductionJune 2012 – present
Model years2013–present
Assembly
DesignerFranz von Holzhausen
Body and chassis
ClassFull-size car
Body style5-door liftback sedan
Layout
ChassisUnibody
RelatedTesla Model X
Powertrain
Electric motor3-phase alternating current induction motor
TransmissionSingle-speed reduction gear
Battery60–100 kWh lithium-ion battery
Electric range249–405 mi (401–652 km)
Dimensions
Wheelbase116.5 in (2,960 mm)[1]
Length196.1–197.7 in (4,980–5,021 mm)[2][3]
Width77.3 in (1,960 mm)[1][note 1]
Height56.5 in (1,440 mm)[1]
Curb weight4,323–4,960 lb (1,961–2,250 kg)[4]

The Tesla Model S is a four-door, battery-electric car. Considered one of the most important electric cars, it is a full-size sedan produced by the American automaker Tesla since 2012.

Designed by Franz von Holzhausen and developed under the codename "WhiteStar", a prototype of the Model S debuted in Hawthorne, California, in March 2009. The official manufacture of the Model S began in June 2012, at the facility in Fremont, California. The car shares thirty percent of its parts with the Model X—a mid-size luxury crossover SUV that began production in 2015. The body and chassis of the Model S are composed primarily of aluminum. The car has received numerous updates over the course of its production, with the most prominent changes occurring in 2016 and 2021. These updates usually include stylistic modifications such as redesigned headlights, taillights, and interiors, mechanical improvements like increased horsepower and torque, and the introduction of new trim levels.[note 2]

In 2015 and 2016, the Model S was the world's best-selling plug-in electric vehicle until it was surpassed by the Model 3. The Model S has been the subject of multiple fires, the first occurring in Kent, Washington, in October 2013. The car has earned numerous accolades, including being named one of the "Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012" by Time and receiving the "Tech Car of the Year for 2012" award from CNET. The Model S has received mixed reviews: The Telegraph described the Model S as a "car that changed the world",[5] but Road & Track called it "perhaps one of the worst [cars in the world]."[6]

Development

[edit]

In January 2007, Tesla, Inc. opened a facility in Michigan, employing sixty people to work on new projects, including a four-door sedan.[7] Beginning development under the codename "WhiteStar",[8] Tesla initially planned for the car to have two powertrain options. The first would be a battery-electric version with an all-electric range of 200 miles (320 km). The second was to be a range-extending vehicle, capable of traveling between 40 and 50 miles (64 and 80 km) on electric power before a small gasoline engine would recharge its batteries and power the vehicle, giving it a total range of 400 miles (640 km). However, at the GoingGreen conference in September 2008, Elon Musk—the chief executive officer of Tesla[9]—announced that the company would exclusively produce battery-electric vehicles.[10]

In 2007, Musk appointed Henrik Fisker, known for his work with Aston Martin,[11][12] as the lead designer of the WhiteStar project.[13][14][15] The company requested that he design a "sleek, four-door sedan" priced from $50,000 to $70,000, and that it be ready between late 2009 and early 2010.[16] Fisker owned a design studio in Orange County, California, which the Tesla employees frequently visited to view his designs. However, their reactions were generally negative; Ron Lloyd, the vice president of the WhiteStar project, described Fisker's designs as "terrible [...] some of the early styles were like a giant egg".[16] When Musk rejected his designs, Fisker attributed the decision to the project's physical constraints, saying, "they wouldn't let me make the car sexy".[17] Shortly after the meetings, Fisker started his own company[18] and debuted the Fisker Karma in 2008, at the North American International Auto Show.[19][20] Musk subsequently filed a lawsuit against Fisker, accusing him of stealing Tesla's design ideas and using the $875,000 to launch his own company.[18][21] Fisker ultimately won the lawsuit, and an arbitrator ordered Tesla to reimburse Fisker's legal fees and declared Tesla's claims to be without merit.[18]

A front three-quarters view of a brown Mercedes-Benz CLS sedan
The development of the Model S was facilitated by a Mercedes-Benz CLS.

A small team of Tesla engineers went to a Mercedes-Benz car dealership where they test-drove a CLS-Class and an E-Class. Both cars shared a chassis, and the engineers assessed every part of the vehicles, evaluating their positives and negatives. They ultimately preferred the CLS's styling and used it as the baseline for the Model S. After purchasing a CLS, they disassembled it, modified the Roadster's battery pack, cut out the CLS's floor, and integrated it with the battery pack. They subsequently put all of its electronics and systems in the car's trunk and replaced the interior. After three months of development, the engineers completed a battery-electric version of the CLS. Tesla frequently tested the car on public roads; it had 120 miles (190 km) of all-electric range per charge and weighed more than the Roadster.[22]

In August 2008, Musk appointed Franz von Holzhausen as the project's lead designer.[23][24][25] Von Holzhausen reviewed Fisker's sketches and clay models but was unimpressed with what he saw, stating that "it was clear [...] that the people [who] had been working on this were novices". To save money, Tesla established its design center within the SpaceX factory. As von Holzhausen began designing the exterior of the Model S, Tesla engineers initiated a project to construct another electric CLS. They stripped it to its core, removed the body structure, and extended the wheelbase by 4 inches (10 cm) to align with early Model S specifications. Within approximately three months, von Holzhausen had designed 95 percent of the current Model S exterior, and the engineers had begun building a prototype around the chassis.[25] Given the battery pack's substantial weight, Musk and the team began efforts to minimize the weight of other components. To address this issue, Musk opted to use aluminum instead of steel. Musk stated that the non-battery-pack portion of the vehicle must be lighter than equivalent gasoline vehicles, and the decision to construct it entirely from aluminum was clear. He noted that the primary challenge was that if aluminum were not used in its construction, the car's performance would be compromised.[26] To accelerate the development of the Model S, one group of engineers worked during the day, while another arrived at 9 p.m. and worked through the night, both operating within a 3,000 square feet (280 m2) tent in the SpaceX factory.[27]

A front three-quarters view, taken indoors, of a Tesla Model S prototype.
The Model S prototype at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show

Tesla debuted a prototype version of the Model S in Hawthorne, California, on March 26, 2009.[28][29][30] Tesla initially intended to manufacture the Model S in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and later in San Jose, California, but later withdrew from both plans.[31][32] In 1984, the American automaker General Motors (GM) and the Japanese automaker Toyota partnered to form New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc., on the site of a former GM assembly plant in Fremont, California.[33][34][35] The facility produced numerous vehicles, including the Chevrolet Nova and the Toyota Corolla.[36][37][38] After the Great Recession, GM found itself trying to recover from bankruptcy. It decided to abandon the facility in 2009, with Toyota soon following.[39][40] However, a month after the last car—a Corolla—rolled off the manufacturing line in April 2010, Toyota and Tesla announced a partnership and the transfer of the factory. Tesla agreed to purchase a significant portion of the facility for US$42 million, while Toyota invested US$50 million in Tesla for a 2.5 percent stake in the company.[35][41]

During the early 2010s, Musk expanded the engineering teams for the Model S, while von Holzhausen grew the design teams in Los Angeles. The engineers operated in a lab with approximately forty-five personnel. The "alpha" version of the Model S, featuring newly stamped body parts from the Fremont factory, a revamped battery pack, and improved power electronics, was completed in the basement of an office in Palo Alto, California. About twelve of these cars were produced; some were sent to suppliers such as Bosch, while others were preserved for testing and design alterations.[42] On June 22, 2012, Tesla invited its employees, select customers, and the press to watch the first production Model S roll off the manufacturing line in Fremont.[43][44][45] The car's launch event occurred in a section of the facility where the cars are completed.[46]

Design

[edit]
Two white electric vehicles (Teslas) at a supercharger; the one on the left is a sedan while the one on the right is an SUV
The Model S (left) and Model X (right) share a platform and 30 percent of their parts.

The body and the chassis of the Model S are made mostly of aluminum.[47][48][49] The Model S shares its platform and thirty percent of its parts with the Model X,[50][51] a mid-size luxury crossover SUV that was introduced in 2015.[52][53][54] The Model S is a full-size sedan with four doors[55][56][57] and five seats.[58][59] The company claimed a drag coefficient of Cd=0.24,[60] the lowest of any production car at release.[61] This claim was independently verified by the magazine Car and Driver in the middle of 2014, confirming the drag coefficient as Cd=0.24.[62] The vehicle's drag coefficient was improved by a solid front fascia instead of a grille, retractable door handles, and a flat underbody with no exhaust pipes to disrupt the airflow.[49] The Model S's battery pack is the vehicle's heaviest component[63][64] and is inside the car's floor.[65][66] The Model S has a center of gravity height of 18 inches (460 mm),[67][68] reducing the risk of rollovers.[69][70][71] Since the heavier components of the drivetrain are positioned behind the rear axle's centerline, the Model S has a weight distribution of 46 percent at the front and 54 percent at the rear.[72] Each Model S has a single-speed reduction gear transmission.[73]

According to Lee Hutchinson of the news website Ars Technica, the Model S's "almond-shaped headlights and prominent nosecone conjure images of Maserati, while the rear half has a distinct Aston Martin DBS flavor, [and] the taillights and rear evoke the Jaguar XF".[1] A cast aluminum cross-member attached to the vehicle's body structure supports the front suspension and electrically assisted rack-and-pinion steering system. At the rear, a cast subframe is connected to the body using four rubber-isolated mounts to reduce vibrations.[49] The front suspension features a double control arm design, while the rear suspension uses a multi-link arrangement, each with an air spring for improved ride comfort.[49][74] This chassis also features disc brake components produced by Brembo.[49][75] Since the Model S lacks a front engine, Tesla implemented a "frunk"—a portmanteau of "front" and "trunk"—which has 5.3 cubic feet (150 L) of storage.[1][76][77] The car's rear trunk possesses 26.6 cubic feet (750 L) of storage with the rear seats upright and 58.1 cubic feet (1,650 L) when the seats are folded down.[78][79] Initially, the seats and steering wheel of the Model S were made exclusively of leather. However, in 2017, following a request from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals to become the first cruelty-free automaker, Tesla switched to synthetic leather.[80][81]

Models and updates

[edit]

2012–2016: Initial years

[edit]
A front three-quarters view of a white 2015 Tesla Model S
A rear three-quarters view of a white 2015 Tesla Model S
2012–2016 Tesla Model S

Tesla allocated its initial 1,000 Model S units to the "Signature" limited edition configurations.[82][83][84] The AC induction motor of the base Signature model generates a power output of 270 kW (362 hp) and a torque output of 439 newton-meters (324 lb⋅ft),[85][86] sufficient to give the car a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time of 5.6 seconds and a top speed of 125 mph (201 km/h).[85][87] The Signature Performance's motor produces 310 kW (416 hp) and 601 newton-meters (443 lb⋅ft), sufficient to a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time of 4.6 seconds and a top speed of 134 mph (216 km/h).[88][89] Both models incorporate an 85 kilowatt-hour (kWh) lithium-ion battery,[89][90] and have an all-electric range of about 265 miles (426 km).[83][85][89]

Beginning in 2012, three battery pack configurations of the Model S were offered as 2013 model year[note 3] vehicles.[92] Initially, a 40 kWh lithium-ion model was planned as the entry-level version, but Tesla announced in 2013 that this version would not be produced.[93] The motor of this version was to produce a power output of 175 kilowatts (235 hp) and a torque of 420 newton-meters (310 lb⋅ft), giving it a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration time of 6.5 seconds and a maximum speed of 110 mph (180 km/h).[94][95][96] Instead, a more powerful model with a 60 kWh model, was introduced to substitute the 40 kWh model.[94] Its motor generates 225 kilowatts (302 hp) and 430 newton-meters (317 lb⋅ft),[97] providing it with a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration of 5.5 seconds, with a maximum speed of 121 mph (195 km/h) and an all-electric range of 208 miles (335 km).[98] Two versions of the 85 kWh model were created: one with specifications similar to the aforementioned Signature model, and a performance version, the "P85", with specifications akin to the Signature Performance.[96][72]

In 2014, Tesla discontinued the P85[99] and introduced the P85D[100] for the same model year.[101] Tesla introduced a front motor in the P85D, in addition to the existing rear motor used in previous models. This configuration powers both the front and rear wheels, resulting in an all-wheel drive powertrain ("D" stands for "dual").[102][103] This configuration produces a combined output of 515 kilowatts (691 hp) and 931 newton-meters (687 lb⋅ft), enabling the P85D to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.2 seconds and reach a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h), with an all-electric range of 275 miles (443 km).[104][105] Replacing the 60 kWh model,[106][107] the 70D was introduced as a 2015 model year vehicle. It features dual motors that produce a combined output of 383 kilowatts (514 hp) and 387 newton-meters (285 lb⋅ft), allowing it to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 5.2 seconds, with a maximum speed of 140 mph (230 km/h) and an all-electric range of 240 miles (390 km).[108][109][110]

Tesla launched the standard 90D and the performance P90D to succeed the 85 kWh model and the P85D, respectively.[101][111][112] The 90D's motor produces 311 kilowatts (417 hp) and 658 newton-meters (485 lb⋅ft),[113][114] providing a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time of 4.2 seconds and a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h), with an all-electric range of 288 miles (463 km).[114][115] The P90D's dual motors generate a combined output of 568 kilowatts (762 hp) and 967 newton-meters (713 lb⋅ft),[116][117] sufficient to give the car a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time of 2.8 seconds, a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h), and an all-electric range of 268 miles (431 km).[117][118][119]

2016–2020: First facelift

[edit]
A front three-quarters view of a white 2016 Tesla Model S
A rear three-quarters view of a white 2016 Tesla Model S
Front and rear of the 2016 Tesla Model S

In April 2016, Tesla implemented a facelift[120] for the 2017 model year.[121] Its most prominent update lies in its front fascia, where the previous contrasting-colored grille has been replaced by a continuation of the body, leaving only a thin gap between the leading edge of the hood and the bumper, which houses the Tesla logo.[122][123] The updated model also includes restyled, full-LED adaptive headlights that turn with the car to enhance visibility at night.[122]

References

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Excluding side-view mirrors
  2. ^ Trim levels are designations used by manufacturers to specify a vehicle's equipment level or special features. For example, the Model S has been available in Plaid and Standard Range trims.
  3. ^ It is common practice in the American automotive industry to introduce a model year's automobile during the previous calendar year.[91]

Citations

[edit]
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Bibliography

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