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Draft:Orunia Park

Coordinates: 57°18′22″N 4°27′32″W / 57.30611°N 4.45889°W / 57.30611; -4.45889
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Orunia Park
Map
LocationGdańsk, Poland
Coordinates57°18′22″N 4°27′32″W / 57.30611°N 4.45889°W / 57.30611; -4.45889
Area19 ha (47 acres)
Created17th century
Historic manor house in Orunia Park
Stream between ponds
Map of the park from 1860
Lower pond
Ice house from the 17th century

Emilia Hoene Orunia Park (Polish: Park Oruński im. Emilii Hoene; German: Hoenepark) is a historic,[1] third-largest municipal park in Gdańsk, and the largest among the historical parks.[2] It is located along the Orunia Stream, on the border of the districts of Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce and Orunia Górna-Gdańsk Południe.[3]

It is part of the protected landscape and nature complex Valley of the Orunia Stream.[3][4]

Location[edit]

Orunia Park is located in the southern part of the city, in Orunia, at 2 Nowiny Street. It lies in a valley stretching from Łostowice to the Radunia Canal, which borders the park to the east. The Orunia Stream flows through the valley, creating a cascade within the park, and empties into the Radunia Canal at the park's edge. The valley was protected in 1999 to preserve its character, including terraced slopes and vegetation.[3] South of the park is the Old Orunia Water Reservoir, a hydrotechnical monument that is part of the Natura 2000 network.

Within the park, there are two ponds: the upper (larger) pond, fed by the Orunia Stream, and the lower (smaller) pond. They are connected by a stream.[3]

The park covers an area of 19 hectares.[3]

Hills[edit]

The park area is bordered by the following hills:[5]

These hills are associated with local legends.[6] The hills feature glacial erratic boulders typical of glacial melting areas.[3]

Nature[edit]

The Orunia Stream valley, where the park is located, stands out with its vegetation compared to neighboring areas. Rare plants such as branched St Bernard's-lily and strictly protected species like cuckoopint, giant bellflower, and common hepatica can be found there, remnants of ancient forests.[4][7]

More common plants in the area include spring species such as wood anemone and yellow anemone, yellow star-of-Bethlehem and Gagea pratensis, and Corydalis intermedia. Numerous species of fungi also inhabit the park.[4][7]

Tree stand[edit]

The park's hills are covered with beech trees dating back to at least the 19th century. Additionally, oaks, alders, and linden trees can be found in the garden area. Weeping willows grow around the water bodies. In the 1840s, an avenue of 40 linden trees was planted in the park, running from the manor house to the upper pond.[4][8] There was once a linden tree in the park, which was estimated to be 400 years old in 1906 and was said to have been planted by Queen Marie Casimire Sobieska according to a pre-war legend.[9]

Natural monuments[edit]

Legally protected natural formations in the park include:[10]

Natural monument Height Circumference Register number
small-leaved linden 20 m 328 cm 1098
common beech 20 m 328 cm 1099
2 common beeches 26 m 260 and 290 cm 1100
sessile oak 25 m 356 cm 1101
glacial erratic 1,30 m 672 cm 1133

History[edit]

Establishment[edit]

In past centuries, Orunia was a place of relaxation for the citizens of Gdańsk. There were suburban manor houses in the area. At the end of the 16th century, a hunting lodge existed there, which is already marked on a map from 1599. The first owners were the Tewes brothers, later followed by Gdańsk councilor Michał Kerl. At the beginning of the 17th century, the lodge passed into the hands of Gdańsk mayor Bartłomiej Schachmann, who transformed the area into a park-like estate. He initiated the creation of ponds and a stream.[11]

In 1630, the park was acquired by Gdańsk mayor Johann Zierenberg. The park residence then became a meeting place for artists and the elite, and the park took on characteristics of a Renaissance garden, with extensive flower beds arranged in geometric shapes.[12]

Golden era of the park[edit]

At the end of the 17th century, the park became the property of Gdańsk shipowner Albrecht Groddeck. In 1698, Augustus II the Strong stayed there.[13] In 1734, during the Russian siege of Gdańsk, the park housed the quarters of Russian marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich, where the act of Gdańsk’s capitulation was likely signed.[13] The Groddeck family owned the park from 1685 to 1779.[13]

In 1780, the park was acquired by Gdańsk botanist Gottfried Reyger. The park lost its Renaissance character in favor of a more natural spatial arrangement. Viewpoints were created,[13] and a botanical garden was established where pineapples, citrus fruits, and coffee were grown. Reyger, a member of the Danzig Research Society, conducted botanical observations, resulting in his work On Wild Plants Growing Around Gdańsk, in which he identified the flowering times of 360 plants.[14]

In 1798, during his journey from Prussia to Berlin, King Frederick William III of Prussia visited the park.[14]

Prussian partition[edit]

In 1803, the palace and park were purchased by English merchant Edward Solly. In 1807, Gdańsk was occupied by the French, forcing Solly to leave. The next owner was Matthias Joseph Hanneman. In 1813, during the Napoleonic Wars, a skirmish between the French and Russians took place in the park, resulting in its devastation. This event gave one of the park’s hills its name, Góra Łez (Hill of Tears).[14]

The park later passed into the hands of Gdańsk merchant Friedrich Hoene, who restored the garden and rebuilt the manor house, giving the park a Romantic character. At that time, there was a smaller third pond between the two existing ones, likely used for ornamental fish breeding.[15]

Modern times[edit]

One of a group of four outdoor sculptures in the park[16]

In 1918, the previously private garden was bequeathed to the city by the owner’s daughter, Emilia Hoene. During the interwar period, Saint John's Eve celebrations with orchestral music were held in the park.[8] In 1933, Orunia, along with the park, was incorporated into the administrative boundaries of Gdańsk.[17]

After World War II, the garden became state property. In the 1950s, a home for the elderly was opened in the park manor, followed by Public Kindergarten No. 9, which still operates today. From 1974 to 1979, the park underwent revitalization. The Municipal Construction and Maintenance of Green Areas Company implemented the project, designed by the Municipal Construction Project Office in Gdańsk. The project minimally referenced the park's 19th-century character, with asphalt-covered paths, trellises, and lighting installations. Sculptures by Alfons Łosowski were placed in the garden.[18]

In 1980, an underground sewage collector for the Chełm i Gdańsk-Południe district was constructed 8 meters below the park. A scientific report from the University of Gdańsk indicated that this construction lowered the water table in the upper pond, accelerating tree die-off.[19]

On 9 July 2001, the park was damaged during a flood in Gdańsk. Water flowing from the hills overfilled the Orunia Stream, causing the upper pond to overflow and break its banks. A few years later, flood damage was repaired. In 2009, efforts began to restore the park’s 19th-century character.[20]

In 2017, a children's playground was opened adjacent to the park. That year also saw the completion of park revitalization, which began in 2014. An amphitheater, Orana, was built, and park paths and lighting were renewed. Following the results of a 2018 civic budget vote, a viewing tower was planned for the park.[21]

In 2019, the headquarters of the Music Scene of the Gdańsk Archipelago of Culture moved from the city center to a building in the park at 2b Nowiny Street. The institution hosts concerts, film screenings, and meetings with notable figures.[22] It also oversees the Orana Amphitheater in the park, where summer concerts are held.[23][24]

Tatar culture[edit]

Tatar Monument at the National Center for Tatar Culture of the Republic of Poland[25]

The building located within the park houses the headquarters of the National Center for Tatar Culture of the Republic of Poland named after Leon Mirza Kryczyński. It is part of the Union of Tatars of the Republic of Poland. This organization aims to unite Polish citizens of Tatar descent and preserve the over 600-year history and culture of Polish Tatars.[26][27]

The Tatar Culture Center features an exhibition on the history of the Tatars in the Polish lands, as well as a small mosque and madrasa.[28]

On 25 November 2010, President Bronisław Komorowski unveiled the Polish Tatar Monument in the park.[29]

Facilities[edit]

  • Orana Amphitheater
  • Dwór Oruński (Kindergarten No. 9)[1]
  • National Center for Tatar Culture of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Tatar Monument[30]
  • Former stable building[1]
  • Music Scene GAK building[31]
  • 17th-century ice house[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d "Rejestr zabytków nieruchomych 2011 woj. pomorskie – pow. miejski Gdańsk" (PDF). kobidz.pl (in Polish). p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-27.
  2. ^ Samp (1992, p. 100)
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Park Oruński". zdiz.gda.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-07-11.
  4. ^ a b c d Buliński, Michał. "Miasto jak ogród – Orunia". pke.gdansk.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-11-10.
  5. ^ Samp (1992, pp. 106–108)
  6. ^ Samp (1992, p. 106)
  7. ^ a b "Gawron" (PDF). Kwartalnik Pomorskiego Zespołu Parków Krajobrazowych (in Polish). 2 (71). Gdańsk: Trójmiejski Park Krajobrazoy: 25. 2014. ISSN 1640-2103.
  8. ^ a b Samp (1992, p. 109)
  9. ^ Samp (1992, p. 110)
  10. ^ Studium uwarunkowań i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego Gdańska (in Polish). Gdańsk: Miasto Gdańsk. 2007. pp. 152–153.
  11. ^ Samp (1992, pp. 100–101)
  12. ^ Samp (1992, pp. 101–102)
  13. ^ a b c d Samp (1992, p. 103)
  14. ^ a b c Samp (1992, p. 104)
  15. ^ Samp (1992, p. 105)
  16. ^ "Grupa czterech rzeźb plenerowych na terenie Parku Oruńskiego". zdiz.gda.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2014-01-16.
  17. ^ "Orunia". Jednostki morfogenetyczne Gdańska (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  18. ^ Samp (1992, pp. 110–111)
  19. ^ Samp (1992, p. 113)
  20. ^ "Szykują się zmiany w Parku Oruńskim". mojaorunia.pl (in Polish). 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  21. ^ Stawikowska, Emilia (2017-10-04). "Mieszkańcy wybrali. Te projekty będą realizowane w Gdańsku". trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  22. ^ "Scena Muzyczna Gdańsk". www.scenamuzyczna.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2021-01-18.
  23. ^ "Plac Zebrań Ludowych i Amfiteatr Orana". Gdański Archipelag Kultury (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  24. ^ "Aktualności". Gdański Archipelag Kultury (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  25. ^ "Pomnik Tatara". zdiz.gda.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-11-10.
  26. ^ "O stowarzyszeniu". ztrp.org (in Polish). 2010-05-12. Archived from the original on 2013-11-08.
  27. ^ "Chanat oruński". mojaorunia.pl (in Polish). 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  28. ^ "Meczet na Oruni i muzeum z wschodnim klimatem". mojaorunia.pl (in Polish). 2012-11-25. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  29. ^ "Prezydent Komorowski na Oruni". mojaorunia.pl (in Polish). 2010-11-25. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  30. ^ "Prezydent Komorowski odsłoni pomnik Tatara RP i odbierze medal Gwiazdy Orientu". trojmiasto.pl (in Polish). 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  31. ^ "Strona Główna". Gdański Archipelag Kultury (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-06-23.

Bibliography[edit]

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