Draft:Technosphere
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The technosphere can be considered as one of the spheres of the Earth System, like the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere and biosphere. It includes all non-living human creations, such as buildings, roads, vehicles, power plants, electricity grids, agricultural machinery, books and computers.
History[edit]
The term technosphere was first used to refer to the global assemblage of human constructions in a 1960 article by Wil Lepowski[1]. The term was subsequently used by Canadian systems engineer John Milsum in a 1968 article [2] and shortly thereafter by biologist Julian Huxley in a newspaper article reflecting on the first human landing on the moon. None of these writings carefully defined the term, but it was apparently intended to refer to the planetary-scale assemblage of human constructions, in a holistic sense, as a parallel system to the biosphere.
The term is related to the terms Anthroposphere and Noosphere, but whereas the Anthroposphere is more broad, including humans, livestock and managed ecosystems, and the Noosphere focused on human rationality, the Technosphere is used more specifically to evoke the physical constructions of humanity[3]. It has been argued that considerably more study is required to understand how the technosphere works as a global system. [4]
Growth of the Technosphere[edit]
The Technosphere has grown rapidly since the early 20th century. The global sum of in-use material stocks has increased more than 20-fold, from less than 50 Gt in the year 1900 [5] to more than 1100 Gt in 2020, when it is estimated to have exceeded the combined dry weight of all organisms comprising the biosphere [6]. The largest components of the technosphere mass are concrete and aggregates, used in buildings and roads. Projections of future technosphere growth suggest that its mass could exceed 2000 Gt by year 2050. [5]
References[edit]
- ^ Otter, Chris (2022). "Socializing the Technosphere". Technology and Culture. 63 (4): 953–978. doi:10.1353/tech.2022.0153. PMID 36341603.
- ^ Milsum, John (June 1968). "The technosphere, the biosphere, the sociosphere: their systems modeling and optimization". IEEE Spectrum. 5 (6): 76–82. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1968.5214690.
- ^ Haff, Peter (2014). "Technology as a geological phenomenon: implications for human well-being". Geological Society of London Special Publications. 395 (1): 301–309. Bibcode:2014GSLSP.395..301H. doi:10.1144/SP395.4.
- ^ Hermann-Pillath, Carsten (2018). "The Case for a New Discipline: Technosphere Science". Ecological Economics. 149: 212–225. Bibcode:2018EcoEc.149..212H. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.03.024.
- ^ a b Wiedenhofer, Domninik; Fishman, Tomer; Lauk, Christian; Haas, Willi; Krausmann, Fridolin (2019). "Integrating Material Stock Dynamics Into Economy-Wide Material Flow Accounting: Concepts, Modelling, and Global Application for 1900–2050". Ecological Economics. 156: 121. Bibcode:2019EcoEc.156..121W. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.09.010.
- ^ Elhacham, Emily; Ben-Uri, Liad; Grozovski, Jonathan; Bar-On, Yinon; Milo, Ron (2020). "Global human-made mass exceeds all living biomass". Nature. 588 (7838): 442–444. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..442E. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-3010-5. PMID 33299177.